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Thyroid and Parathyroid Tumors

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Abstract

The pathology of thyroid and parathyroid nodules represents a spectrum of disorders from reactive hyperplasias and benign neoplasms to carcinomas with metastatic potential. Thyroid nodules are common in adults and will be frequently encountered for pathologic evaluation by fine needle aspiration (FNA). Surgical resection allows for a definitive diagnosis for the 20–30% of indeterminate thyroid nodules by FNA and for tumor staging in the 10% that will be malignant. Conversely, parathyroid disease is relatively rare with biochemical and imaging allowing for a preoperative diagnosis in the majority of cases. Localized parathyroid surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism then allows for both definitive treatment and diagnostic tissue to confirm parathyroid adenoma. On a cellular level, recognizing the relationship of tumors to the cells of origin including “follicular-derived” in thyroid versus from C-cells also creates a framework to diagnose thyroid cancers and utilize correlative biochemical markers for both diagnosis and clinical follow-up. The following chapter outlines the fundamentals for pathologic evaluation and associated molecular alterations for these endocrine organs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Diana Bell, Michelle D. Williams & Adel K. El-Naggar

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  1. Diana Bell
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  2. Michelle D. Williams
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  3. Adel K. El-Naggar
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Correspondence to Adel K. El-Naggar .

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  1. Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Cesar A. Moran

  2. Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Neda Kalhor

  3. Department of Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Annikka Weissferdt

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Bell, D., Williams, M.D., El-Naggar, A.K. (2020). Thyroid and Parathyroid Tumors. In: Moran, C.A., Kalhor, N., Weissferdt, A. (eds) Oncological Surgical Pathology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96681-6_9

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