Skip to main content

Working-Class Writing and Experimentation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Working-Class Writing

Abstract

This chapter analyses the ways in which ideas of formal experimentation have marginalized working-class texts. Focusing on the 1930s, it considers the representation of committed writing as a deviation from the main current of twentieth-century literature, an argument that suggests politics is incompatible with art. The position has particular implications for the reception of working-class writing, which is frequently characterized as didactic and polemical, neglecting formal questions to concentrate on its subject matter. The chapter uses analyses of James Hanley, James Barke, and Jack Hilton to emphasize the diversity of working-class writing. It argues that such texts develop a variety of techniques to disrupt established representation traditions and respond critically to new social and political struggles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Adorno, Theodor, and Max Horkheimer. 2002. The Dialectic of Enlightenment. Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auden, W.H. 1977. The Bond and the Free. In The English Auden: Poems, Essays and Dramatic Writing 1927–1939, ed. Edward Mendelson, 330–332. Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barke, James. 1936. Major Operation. Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluemel, Kristin. 2003. Not Waving or Drowning: Refusing Critical Options, Rewriting Literary History. In And In Our Time: Vision, Revision, and British Writing of the 1930s, ed. Anthony Shuttleworth, 65–94. Associated University Presses.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, Malcolm, and James McFarlane. 1991. The Name and Nature of Modernism. In Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930, ed. Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane, 19–55. Penguin, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Alec. 1998. From Alec Brown [December 1934]. In Writing the Revolution: Cultural Criticism from Left Review, ed. David Margolies, 27–29. Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, John. 1992. The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice Among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939. Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, Cyril. 1940a. Comment. Horizon 1 (1): 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1940b. Comment. Horizon 1 (2): 68–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1949. Comment. Horizon 9 (113): 305–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft, Andy. 1985. Jack Hilton—The Proletarian Novelist. Middlesex Polytechnic History Journal 11 (1): 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1990. Red Letter Days: British Fiction in the 1930s. Lawrence and Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, Valentine. 1997. The Age of Anxiety and Influence; or, Tradition and the Thirties Talents. In Rewriting the Thirties: Modernism and After, ed. Keith Williams and Steven Matthews, 5–22. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, Tony. 1984. Unfinished Business: Realism and Working-Class Writing. In The British Working-Class Novel in the Twentieth-Century, ed. Jeremy Hawthorn, 125–136. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysteinsson, Astradur. 1990. The Concept of Modernism. Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forster, E.M. Letter to Jack Common 6 June 1938. JC/3/1/14. Jack Common archive, Newcastle University Library, Newcastle, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, Ralph. 1937. The Novel and the People. Lawrence and Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanley, James. 1932. Men in Darkness. Alfred Knopf, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorn, Jeremy (ed.). 1984. The British Working-Class Novel in the Twentieth-Century. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilliard, Christopher. 2006. To Exercise Our Talents: The Democratization of Writing in Britain. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, Jack. 1935. Caliban Shrieks. Cobden-Sanderson.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Letter to Jack Common 1 August 1937, JC/3/1/20. Jack Common archive, Newcastle University Library, Newcastle, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1938a. Champion. Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1938b. The Plasterer’s Life. In Seven Shifts, ed. Jack Common, 3–49. EP Publishing, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1940. English Ways: A Walk from the Pennines to Epsom Downs in 1939. Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. Writing and the Worker. JH/1/3/21. Jack Hilton archive, University of Nottingham Library, Nottingham, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoggart, Richard. 1994. Townscape with Figures: Farnham—Portrait of an English Town. Chatto & Windus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, Nick. 2017. The Proletarian Answer to the Modernist Question. Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hynes, Samuel. 1976. The Auden Generation: Literature and Politics in England in the 1930s. Bodley Head.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlmann, Benjamin. 2014. Committed Styles: Modernism, Politics, and Left-Wing Literature in the 1930s. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, Alison. 1991. Forever England: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism Between the Wars. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyotard, Jean-François. 1999. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester University Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, Peter. 1997. Illusion and Reality: The Spectre of Socialist Realism in Thirties Literature. In Rewriting the Thirties: Modernism and After, ed. Keith Williams and Steven Matthews, 23–36. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, Peter. 1984. The Painter’s Bible and the British Workman: Robert Tressell’s Literary Activism. In The British Working-Class Novel in the Twentieth-Century, ed. Hawthorn, 1–17. Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montefiore, Janet. 1996. Men and Women Writers of the 1930s: The Dangerous Flood of History. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orwell, George. 1998. Inside the Whale. In A Patriot After All: 1940–1941, ed. Peter Davison, 86–115. Warburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powys, J.C. 1932. Preface. In Men in Darkness, ed. James Hanley, ix–xii. Alfred Knopf, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radek, Karl. 1977. Contemporary World Literature and the Tasks of Proletarian Art. In Soviet Writers’ Congress 1934: The Debate on Socialist Realism and Modernism in the Soviet Union, ed. Maxim Gorky et. al., 73–162. Lawrence and Wishart, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rancière, Jacques. 2009. A Few Remarks on the Method of Jacques Rancière. Parallax 15 (3): 114–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. The Politics of Literature. In Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics, 152–168. Continuum, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, Jonathan. 2002. The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes. Yale Nota Bene.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spender, Stephen. 1950. Stephen Spender. In The God That Failed: Six Studies in Communism, ed. Arthur Koestler et. al., 231–272. Hamish Hamilton.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1979. Background to the Thirties. In The Thirties and After: Poetry, Politics, Peoples, 1930s–1970s, 3–20. Vintage, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Keith, and Steven Matthews (eds.). 1997. Rewriting the Thirties: Modernism and After. Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Raymond. 1980. The Welsh Industrial Novel. In Problems in Materialism and Culture, 213–229. Verso, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, Virginia. 1966a. The Artist and Politics. In Collected Essays: Volume Two, ed. Leonard Woolf, 230–232. Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1966b. The Leaning Tower. In Collected Essays: Volume Two, ed. Leonard Woolf, 162–181. Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1992. Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Brown. In A Woman’s Essays, ed. Rachel Bowlby, 69–87. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ben Clarke .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Clarke, B. (2018). Working-Class Writing and Experimentation. In: Clarke, B., Hubble, N. (eds) Working-Class Writing. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96310-5_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics