Abstract
Human Centered Design (HCD) has become a necessary and unavoidable approach to seriously consider human factors upstream in systems architecture and functionalities. 20th century practices started by inventing and building tangible objects, functionalities being added incrementally and piled up at infinity, offering not only more automated systems but also more complex uses of these systems. Conversely, since the beginning of the 21st century engineering projects are designed from a computer (i.e., in a virtual environment) by defining scenarios and functional configurations that can be tested using human-in-the-loop simulations where the issue of tangibility is becoming crucial along three dimensions: technology, organizations and people (jobs). These virtual structures and functions must be made tangible from two points of view: that of physics and that of the figurative (i.e., cognitive and socio-cognitive). Tangibility can be characterized and evaluated through five dimensions: complexity; maturity; flexibility; stability; and sustainability. It is interesting to note that these dimensions can be mirrored with that of autonomy: inter-connectivity, independence, flexibility, resilience, and persistence. In this perspective, this article presents a new paradigm, the Human-Systems Integration (HSI) and analyzes the evolution of rigid automation towards a flexible autonomy, proposing a new paradigm of HCD.
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Notes
- 1.
Examples of automated systems are thermostats, cruise control systems on cars, and autopilots on aircraft. Automation is achieved using mechanical or electronic devices or software.
- 2.
More specifically, automatic control is achieved using feedback controllers developed by electrical and mechanical engineers using control theories. For a long time, automation was replacing skill-based human functions. First autopilots were introduced on commercial aircraft in the 1930 s. Later on, flight management systems were introduced on commercial aircraft in the 1980 s using operational research, optimization and expert systems. They replaced rule-based human functions.
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Boy, G.A. (2019). From Rigid to Flexible – From Virtual to Tangible an Evolution of Human-Centered Design. In: Bagnara, S., Tartaglia, R., Albolino, S., Alexander, T., Fujita, Y. (eds) Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018). IEA 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 824. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96071-5_6
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