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Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries pp 49–64Cite as

Animal Models of Venous Stroke

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Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

Abstract

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) involves thrombosis of the veins and sinuses of the brain, most commonly the superior sagittal sinus. Although incidence of CVT is relatively low (it accounts for only 0.5% of all strokes), CVT is a significant cause of stroke in young patients. CVT can produce partial venous occlusion obstructing venous drainage, increasing venous pressure and consequently leading to edema and hemorrhage. Despite intensive research the pathophysiological progress of CVT is poorly understood and further investigation, for all development of new reliable animal models able to evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapeutic approaches, are urgently needed. The ideal model should comprise simultaneously inducted cortical venous thrombosis, infarct and hemorrhage with consecutive relevant neurological deficits mimicking the pathophysiologic changings induced CVT in humans and allowing testing of therapeutic strategies. In contrast to arterial stroke, currently there are only a few animal models of CVT. The existing models employ either an injection of thrombogenic substances or a ligation of the sinus or cortical veins. In this chapter we will address the evolution of animal models of CVT and discuss their limitations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Schwartzman phenomenon is an immune reaction, which was observed in rabbits by Sarwar et al. The reaction was induced by exposing the SSS, scarifying its dorsal wall by needle point and applying a cotton-wool pledget soaked in potent E. coli filtrate over the exposed SSS for 10 min. 24 h after this procedure precipitating dose of 4 ml of the filtrate was injected into the marginal vein of the ear. Histologic evaluation 3 days later detected hemorrhage and necrosis of the soft tissues bordering the operation area, however no SSS thrombosis was noticed [10].

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Qin Hu

  2. Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Anatol Manaenko

Authors
  1. Qin Hu
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  2. Anatol Manaenko
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

    Min Lou

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

    Jianmin Zhang

  3. Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Yilong Wang

  4. Department of Neurosurgery Tangdu Hospital, PLA Air Force Medical University, Xian, USA

    Yan Qu

  5. Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Wuwei Feng

  6. Xuanwu Hospital Neurosurgery, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

    Xunming Ji

  7. Department of Anesthesiology and Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    John H. Zhang

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Hu, Q., Manaenko, A. (2019). Animal Models of Venous Stroke. In: Lou, M., et al. Cerebral Venous System in Acute and Chronic Brain Injuries. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96053-1_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96053-1_2

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96052-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96053-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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