Abstract
This chapter presents challenges and methodological insights from applying smart city approaches in the context of public decision-making. It discusses the smart city as a changing and fuzzy concept which expresses the need for cities to find ICT-driven, intelligent and sustainable solutions to a panoply of urban challenges, covering many dimensions: smart economy; smart mobility; smart environment; smart people; smart living; and smart governance. In the urban planning context, where these dimensions need to be considered in an integrated manner, the smart approach relies on the ability to link infrastructures, services and users, increasing the flexibility and transparency of urban policies and decision-making. In this context, smart approaches must move beyond an urban labelling phenomenon and be grounded in a (horizontal) urban policy practice. Four Portuguese strategic plans are used as empirical examples of improving decision-making by incorporating ICT in the process design. The focus is on the methodological contributions and on illustrating how the smart city concept can be adjusted to analyse concrete policy approaches in the complex system of spatial interactions that form modern urban environments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), 3–21.
Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Planning Association, 35(4), 216–224.
Bakıcı, T., Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2013). A smart city initiative: The case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4, 135–148.
Barney, D. (2004). The network society. Cambridge: Policy Press.
Barrionuevo, J., Berrone, P., & Ricart, J. (2012). Smart cities, sustainable progress. IESE Insight, 14, 50–57.
Batty, M., et al. (2012). Smart cities of the future. European Physical Journal: Special Topics, 214(1), 481–518.
Bright, J., & Margetts, H. (2016). Big data and public policy: Can it succeed where e-participation has failed? Policy and Internet, 8(3), 218–224.
Carvalho, J. (2013). Custos e benefícios, à escala local, de uma ocupação dispersa. Direção-Geral do Território.
Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. Oxford: Wiley.
Castro, E. et al. (2014). Integrated decision support system – Donut-Prospect. In Proceedings of the 54th congress of the European Regional Science Association, Saint Petersburg – Russia, 26–29 August.
Champion, T. (2001). Urbanization, suburbanization, counterurbanization and reurbanization. In R. Paddison (Ed.), Handbook of urban studies (pp. 143–161). London: Sage.
Cheng, J., & Masser, I. (2003). Modelling urban growth patterns: A multiscale perspective. Environment and Planning A, 35(4), 679–704.
Chrysoulakis, N., et al. (2013). Sustainable urban metabolism as a link between bio-physical sciences and urban planning: The BRIDGE project. Landscape Urban Planning, 112, 100–117.
Daniels, T. (2001). Smart growth: A new American approach to regional planning. Planning Practice & Research, 16(3/4), 271–279.
Day, D. (1997). Citizen participation in the planning process: An essentially contested concept? Journal of Planning Literature, 11(3), 421–434.
European Union. (2013). Digital agenda for Europe. The role of regions and cities.
Florida, R. (2012). The rise of the creative class – revisited: 10th Anniversary edition – Revised and expanded. New York: Basic Books.
Friedmann, J. (1993). Toward a non-euclidian mode of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 59(4), 482–485.
Giffinger, R., & Haindlmaier, G. (2010). Smart cities ranking: An effective instrument for the positioning of cities? Architecture, City and Environment, IV(12), 7–25.
Goddard, D., et al. (2012). Guide to Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisations (RIS 3). Brussels: European Commission.
Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? City, 12(3), 303–320.
Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2004). Reframing public participation: Strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory & Practice, 5(4), 419–436.
Jinbaek, K. (2006). E-democracy and engineering of societal decision processes (pdf). InterNeg Research Papers.
Komninos, N. (2002). Intelligent cities: Innovation, knowledge systems, and digital spaces. London: Spon Press.
Komninos, N. (2011). Intelligent cities: Variable geometries of spatial intelligence. Intelligent Buildings International, 3(3), 172–188.
Kourtit, K., & Nijkamp, P. (2012). Smart cities in the innovation age. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), 93–95.
Kunzmann, K. (2013). Strategic planning: A chance for spatial innovation and creativity. disP-The Planning Review, 49(3), 28–31.
Mahizhnan, A. (1999). Smart cities: The Singapore case. Cities, 16(1), 1–13.
Marques, J., et al. (2008). Exercício de Prospectiva para a Região Centro – Análise de Cenários e Questionário Delphi. Revista Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais, 19, 111–131.
May, K. O. (1954). Intransitivity, utility, and the aggregation of preference patterns. Economica, 22(1), 1–13.
Meijer, A., & Bolivar, M. P. R. (2015). Governing the smart city: A review of the literature on smart urban governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 82(2), 392–408.
Murdoch, J. (2006). Post-structuralist geography: A guide to relational space. London: Sage.
Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference on digital government innovation in challenging times – dg.o ‘11.
Nogueira, F., Borges, M., & Wolf, J. H. (2017). Collaborative decision-making in non-formal planning settings. Group Decision and Negotiation, 26(5), 875–890.
Norris, D. F., & Reddick, C. G. (2013). Local E-government in the United States: Transformation or incremental change? Public Administration Review, 73(1), 165–175.
Oliveira, A., & Brito, D. (2013). Living labs: A experiência Portuguesa. Revista Ciencia, tecnología y género en Iberoamérica, 8(23), 201–229.
Ostrom, B. E. (2010, June). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. The American Economic Review, 100(3), 641–672.
Pan, G., et al. (2013). Trace analysis and mining for smart cities: Issues, methods, and applications. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(6), 120–126.
Papa, E., & Lauwers, D. (2015). Smart mobility: Opportunity or threat to innovate places and cities? In 20th International conference on urban planning and regional development in the information society (pp. 543–550). REAL CORP 2015.
Pateman, C. (1970). Participation and democratic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pateman, C. (2012). Participatory democracy revisited. Perspectives on Politics, 10(1), 7–19.
Patsakis, C., et al. (2015). Interoperable privacy-aware E-participation within smart cities. Computer, 48(1), 52–58.
Pickering, T., & Minnery, J. (2012). Scale and public participation: Issues in metropolitan regional planning. Planning Practice and Research, 27(2), 249–262.
Popper, D. E., & Popper, F. J. (2002). Small can be beautiful: Coming to terms with decline. Planning, 68(7), 20–23.
Przeworski, A. (2003). Freedom to choose and democracy. Economics and Philosophy, 19(2), 265–279. Accessed January 9, 2014, from http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0266267103001159
Rhodes, R. a. W. (1996). The new governance: Governing without government. Political Studies, 44(4), 652–667. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x
Selada, C., & Silva, C. (2013). As Cidades Inteligentes na Agenda Europeia: Oportunidades para Portugal. In II Conferência de PRU, VIII ENPLAN e XVIII workshop APDR: “Europa 2020: retórica, discursos, política e prática.” Aveiro (pp. 243–275).
Shapiro, J. M. (2006). Smart cities: Quality of life, productivity, and the growth effects of human capital. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(May), 324–335.
Simões, M. J. (2005). Política e Tecnologia: Tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e participação política em Portugal. Oeiras: Celta Editora.
Simões, M. J., et al. (2008). Dos Projectos às Regiões Digitais: Que desafios? Lisboa: Celta Editora.
Stratigea, A. (2012). The concept of ‘smart cities’: Towards community development? Networks and Communication Studies, 26(3–4), 375–388.
Van den Berg, L., et al. (1982). Urban Europe: A study of growth and decline. Oxford: Pergamon.
Van Djik, J. (2000). Models of democracy and concepts of communication. In K. Hacker & J. Van Dijk (Eds.), Digital democracy (pp. 209–233). London: Sage.
Vanolo, A. (2013). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, Early View(April), 1–16.
Walker, W. E., Rahman, S. A., & Cave, J. (2001). Adaptive policies, policy analysis, and policy-making. European Journal of Operational Research, 128(2), 282–289. Available from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377221700000710
Yan, Y., et al. (2013). A survey on smart grid communication infrastructures: Motivations, requirements and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 15(1), 5–20.
Zanella, A., et al. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22–32.
Zygiaris, S. (2013). Smart city reference model: Assisting planners to conceptualize the building of smart city innovation ecosystems. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4, 217–231.
Acknowledgment
This work was financially supported by: Project Portugal: Regional Integration of Demography and Economy Financiamento solicitado (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016431 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016868) funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020—Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) and by national funds through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wolf, J., Borges, M., Marques, J.L., Castro, E. (2019). Smarter Decisions for Smarter Cities: Lessons Learned from Strategic Plans. In: Cagica Carvalho, L., Rego, C., Lucas, M.R., Sánchez-Hernández, M.I., Backx Noronha Viana, A. (eds) New Paths of Entrepreneurship Development. Studies on Entrepreneurship, Structural Change and Industrial Dynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96032-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96032-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96031-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96032-6
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)