Abstract
Three principal goals of these thesis are: (1) to systematically study the mechanisms of breakup in reactions of \(^{7}\mathrm{Li}\) and \(^{9}\mathrm{Be}\) with target nuclei from d to \(^{209}\mathrm{Bi}\), (2) to measure breakup probabilities in order to estimate the contribution of breakup to above-barrier complete fusion suppressions and (3) to examine the feasibility of applying the experimental and analysis techniques used for the study of breakup to the astrophysically relevant reaction \(^{7}\mathrm{Be}\)(d,p) \(^{8}\mathrm{Be}\). The unifying theme of these goals is the need to detect charged particles in coincidence with high efficiency. These measurements were performed with the ANU Breakup Array for Light Nuclei (BALiN), an array of four double-sided silicon strip detectors. In this chapter, the details of the measurement apparatus and techniques will be described, with a focus on the advances made to allow measurements with light to medium mass targets. The target nuclei studied in this work can be broadly categorised into \(\text {``heavy mass''}\) (\(^{144}\mathrm{Sm}\), \(^{168}\mathrm{Er}\), \(^{186}\mathrm{W}\), \(^{196}\mathrm{Pt}\), \(^{208}\mathrm{Pb}\) and \(^{209}\mathrm{Bi}\)), \(\text {``medium mass''}\) (\(^{58}\mathrm{Ni}\), \(^{27}\mathrm{Al}\) and \(^{28}\mathrm{Si}\)) and \(\text {``light mass''}\) ((C\(_2\)D\(_4\))\(^n\), \(^{12}\mathrm{C}\) and \(^{16}\mathrm{O}\)). It will be shown that the different masses result in different characteristic energy and angular distributions. This results in different experimental requirements that will be discussed here. All measurements in this thesis were made at the Australian National University Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF).
Data! Data! Data! I can’t make bricks without clay!
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 1859 – 1930
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Notes
- 1.
This is the lowest terminal potential ever to be used at the 14UD to deliver beam, to the extent of the author’s knowledge.
- 2.
Design MMM, Manufactured by Micron Semiconductor Limited, Sussex, UK.
- 3.
Model MPR-16, mesytec GmbH & Co. KG, Putzbrunn, Germany.
- 4.
Mesytec GmbH & Co. KG, Putzbrunn, Germany.
- 5.
Differential version. mesytec GmbH & Co. KG, Putzbrunn, Germany.
- 6.
CEAN S.p.A, Viareggio, Italy.
- 7.
CEAN S.p.A, Viareggio, Italy.
- 8.
Using an ORTEC 710 quad 1-kV bias supply, Advanced Measurement Technology Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
- 9.
777 octal variable gain amplifier, Phillips Scientific, Mahwah, New Jersy, USA.
- 10.
Phillips Scientific, Mahwah, New Jersy, USA.
- 11.
Advanced Measurement Technology Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
- 12.
LeCroy Corporation, Chestnut Ridge, New York, USA.
- 13.
Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation, San Rafael California, USA.
- 14.
The case for the LIBEX, BELICK and LIAL runs.
- 15.
As in the RDUX run.
- 16.
Indeed, the difference in pulse shape between different particles in DSSDs has been exploited in direct particle identification via “pulse shape analysis” (e.g. [13]).
- 17.
Events in adjacent sectors but in the same arc are suppressed in measurements with a hardware multiplicity two requirement, as coincidence events falling in one arc will only produce a multiplicity one signal.
- 18.
For reasons that are not entirely clear, neither the LIAL nor LIBEX runs show any TDC deadtime associated with valid coincidence events. This is perhaps due to the fact that in these runs, ToFs were collected by taking the RF differences online, while in the RDUX runs, the difference was taken offline, though the mechanism for this is unclear.
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Cook, K.J. (2018). Experimental Methods. In: Zeptosecond Dynamics of Transfer‐Triggered Breakup. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96017-3_3
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