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Rome as Part of the Irish North Atlantic Experience, 1770–1830

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Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908

Part of the book series: Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World ((CTAW))

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Abstract

Was it really true that so many Irish “intriguings monks” in Rome had such a negative influence over the Roman curia, and in particular over the high officials of Propaganda Fide? This essay focuses on the Irish Franciscans of St. Isidore’s, the Dominicans of Collegio San Clemente, and the Augustinians of Collegio San Matteo, and contains some remarks on the Collegio Urbano. The essay shows that the Irish were indeed numerous and had a significant influence over Propaganda Fide and the Roman bureaucracy in general. The years spent in Rome made them fully Roman, or at least hyphenated Roman—as we would describe them today—from the point of view of their language as well as their familiarity with Roman ways and rites. Then, the issue was not such much about ethnic origin, but about the extent of their Romanization.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    WDA, ser. A, vol. 65, folder VI B 5, [no. 03], fols. 1rv–2rv, Ambroise Maréchal to [William Poynter], 30 March 1821, Baltimore (quotations).

  2. 2.

    AAQ, ser. 210 A, vol. X, pp. 152–153, Joseph-Octave Plessis to Maréchal, 7 February 1821, Québec.

  3. 3.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 7, fols. 261rv–263rv, Poynter to [Robert Gradwell], 26 May 1821 (Poynter’s timing is wrong, as Burke was in London in 1815), [London].

  4. 4.

    Luca Codignola, “Conflict or Consensus? Catholics in Canada and in the United States, 1780–1820”, Canadian Catholic Historical Association, Historical Papers 55 (1988): 43–59.

  5. 5.

    WDA, A, vol. 42, no. 59, James Louis O’Donel to [James Robert Talbot], 19 January 1784; ibid., no. 47, William Egan to [Talbot], 4 February 1784 (recommendation with short CV). See also, “O’Donel (O’Donnell), James Louis”, in DCB, vol. V: 1801 to 1820, 631–634; Raymond J. Lahey, James Louis O’Donel in Newfoundland, 1784–1807: The Establishment of the Roman Catholic Church (St. John’s, Newfoundland.: Newfoundland Historical Society, 1984), 7; Cyril J. Byrne, ed., Gentlemen-Bishops and Faction Fighters: The Letters of Bishops O’Donel, Lambert, Scallan and other Irish Missionaries (St. John’s: Jesperson Press, 1984), 2–4; Hugh Fenning, “Irishmen Ordained at Rome, 1698–1759”, Arch. Hib. 50 (1996): 29–49. The date of O’Donel’s return from Prague (where he resided for four years) to Ireland is variously given by his biographers but is still unclear. For another priest who was in Rome during O’Donel’s stay, see William Phelan, below.

  6. 6.

    The list of guardians of St. Isidore’s College is in Patrick Conlan, St. Isidore’s College Rome (Rome: Istituto Pio XI, 1982), 222–225.

  7. 7.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 2, fols. 387rv–388rv, John O’Connelly to [Propaganda], 23 May 1784 (opinion); APF, SOCG, vol. 912, fols. 142rv, 145rv, Richard Luke Concanen and Connolly to [Lambert], 27 January 1805. Also P. Lambert to Richard Walsh, 15 January 1810, in Hans Rollmann, “Gentlemen-Bishops and Faction Fighters: Additional Letters pertaining to Newfoundland Catholicism, from the Franciscan Library at Killiney (Ireland)”, Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society 30/1 (April 1988): 3–19; Cathaldus Giblin, OFM, “Papers of Richard Joachim Hayes, OFM, 1810–24, in Franciscan Library, Killiney: Part 1, 1810–15”, Coll. Hib. 21–22 (1979–1980): 82–148; P. Lambert to Lawrence Callanan or Richard Hayes, 5 June 1815, in Rollmann, “Gentlemen-Bishops”, 10. See also Conlan, St. Isidore’s, 222–225; Raymond J. Lahey, “Lambert , Patrick”, in DCB, V: 473–474; Byrne, Gentlemen-Bishops, 20; Kevin Whelan, “County Wexford Priests in Newfoundland”, Journal of Wexford Historical Society 10 (1984–5): 55–68.

  8. 8.

    The cod was sent to Leghorn’s care of Edward Swords, a local merchant of Irish origin who performed various roles relating to North America. Aside from his role in the cod business, he was also chancellor at the United States consulate in Leghorn under Thomas G. Appleton, and, in 1817, agent of the Norfolk trustees. See APF, C, AC, vol. 3, fols. 636rv–637rv, John Donaghey to [Litta ], 28 October 1817 (agent); ibid., 639rv–640rv, E. Swords to [Litta ], [ante 3 November 1817] (Norfolk); ibid., C, CU, vol. 13, fols. 252rv–253rv, Francis Patrick Kenrick to Pedicini, 15 May 1821 (Irish merchant); PICR, American Papers 1828–49, no. 4, England to Paul Cullen, 5 June 1833 (chancellor). Also Thomas Scallan to [?Ri. Walsh], 6 November 1822, in Rollmann, “Gentlemen-Bishops”, 12–13.

  9. 9.

    AAQ, ser. 30 CN, I, 62, William Herron to Plessis, 12 November 1823 (milder climate); APF, Acta, vol. 187, fols. 457rv–466rv, 469rv, Giulio Maria Della Somaglia to [Propaganda Fide], July 1824 (knows of Scallan in Rome a few months previously and emphasizes his insistence); AAQ, ser. 30 CN, 1, 64, Scallan to Plessis, 26 May 1825 (winter 1823–4); APF, Udienze, vol. 64, fols. 239rv, 244rv, [?Ri. Walsh] to Pietro Caprano, [Dec. 1824] (Fleming). Also Scallan to Henry Hughes, 11 December 1818, in Rollmann, “Gentlemen-Bishops”, 11–12, esp. 12 (P. Lambert’s removal, £10); Scallan to [?Ri. Walsh], 6 Nov. 1822, in ibid., 12–13, esp. 13 (Consalvi, “happy days”, “minutely”); Scallan to Ri. Walsh, 29 October 1824, in ibid., 13–15. See also Byrne, Gentlemen-Bishops, 20, 24; Whelan, “County Wexford Priests”, 55; Raymond J. Lahey, “Scallan, Thomas”, in DCB, VI: 690–694; Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1698–1759”, 35.

  10. 10.

    AAQ, ser. 1 CB, VI, 24, Callanan to James MacCormick, [1784], (Nova Scotia); APF, C, AS, vol. 1, fols. 452rv–453rv, Callanan to J. MacCormick , [1786] (James Jones, John Wesley). The information on J. MacCormick’s years in Ireland and Louvain, besides further information in his yet unexploited documentation, is in Benignus Millett, “The Archives of St. Isidore’s College, Rome”, Arch. Hib. 40 (1985): 1–13; and in Benignus Millett, “The Community of St. Isidore’s College during the Second French Occupation of Rome 1810–14”, Coll. Hib. 31–32 (1989–90): 196–199. For J. McCormick’s and M. McCormick’s mandates as guardians, see Conlan, St. Isidore’s, 222–225.

  11. 11.

    AAD, AB2, 116/4, no. 33, fols. 1rv–2rv, O’Donel to John Thomas Troy, 10 November 1787 (“vagabonds”); APF, C, AS, vol. 1, fol. 476rv, [Stefano Borgia] to Propaganda, 18 February 1788 (agreed); ibid., C, AA, vol. 2, fol. 557rv, [Propaganda’s memorandum], [January 1790]; ibid., vol. 3, fols. 58rv–59rv, O’Donel to [Propaganda], 14 December 1790; AAD, AB2, 116/5, no. 63, fols. 1rv–2rv, O’Donel to Troy, 8 December 1791.

  12. 12.

    APF, Lettere, vol. 282, fols. 410rv–411rv, [Domenico Coppola] to [J. MacCormick ], 21 April 1801 (ten years in Naples; the archbishop of Ravello and Scala, Giovanni Battista Miccù, asks that M. MacCormick be empowered to go to the United States); ibid., C, I, vol. 17, fols. 759rv, 762rv, J. MacCormick to [Coppola], 23 April 1801 (Newfoundland, Naples, Carroll’s invitation, recommended by Miccù and Ferdinando Gerdil); ibid., Udienze, vol. 53, fols. 103rv–104rv, M. MacCormick to [Pius VII], 8 May 1811 (Santa Maria La Nova); ibid., fols. 101rv–102rv, M. MacCormick to Litta , [January 1815], [Rome]. Twice Propaganda wrongly believed that M. MacCormick had gone to Newfoundland. See ibid., C, Missioni, Miscellanee, vol. 6, fols. 98rv–101rv, [Propaganda’s memorandum], [post 16 June 1805]; ibid., vol. 7, fols. 98rv–99rv, [Propaganda’s memorandum], [1807]. The 1810 closure of the various foreign colleges in Rome, including J. MacCormick and St. Isidore’s College , is succinctly but well described in Liam Swords, The Green Cockade: The Irish in the French Revolution 1789–1815 (Dublin: Glendale, 1989), 202.

  13. 13.

    APF, Udienze, vol. 57, fols. 245rv, 248rv, M. MacCormick to Pius VII, [ante 15 March 1819] (interim); ibid., fols. 244rv, 249rv, Antonio Frosini to Fontana, 15 March 1819 (request); ibid., fols. 236rv–237rv, 258rv–259rv, [Carlo Maria Pedicini], to [Pius VII], [21 March 1819] (Pius VII’s approval); ibid., fol. 332rv, [Pedicini] to [Propaganda], 27 March 1819.

  14. 14.

    APF, SOCG, vol. 913, fols. 521rv–522rv, [J. MacCormick ] to Propaganda, 15 July 1805 (P. Lambert asks for his opinion); ibid., vol. 912, fols. 143rv–144rv, Connolly to Coppola, 6 March 1806 (J. MacCormick’s recommendation); ibid., vol. 913, fols. 524rv, 533rv, P. Lambert to [J. MacCormick ], 17 May 1806 (translation into Italian provided by J. MacCormick ); ibid., fols. 526rv, 531rv, [J. MacCormick] to Michele Di Pietro, [November 1806]; ibid., ser. Acta, vol. 178, fols. 53rv–58rv, 62rv–75rv, Litta to Propaganda, [Febr. 1815]; ibid., C, CU, vol. 11, fol. 693rv, J. MacCormick’s declaration, 2 March 1815; ibid., SOCG, vol. 933, fols. 60rv, 63rv, Burke to J. MacCormick , 14 May 1817; AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 80, fol.107rv, Giovanni Giuseppe Vincenzo Argenti to Troy , 2 August 1817; ibid., 30/9, no. 4, fols. 1rv–2rv, J. MacCormick to Troy , 24 February 1818.

  15. 15.

    AAD, AB2, 116/4, no. 33, fols. 1rv–2rv, O’Donel to Troy, 10 November 1787 ...; APF, C, AA, vol. 3, fols. 424rv–425rv, P. Lambert to Di Pietro, 20 November 1807. See also Raymond J. Lahey, “Ewer (Yore), Thomas Anthony”, in DCB, VI: 243–245; Hugh Fenning, “Irishmen Ordained at Rome, 1760–1800”, Arch. Hib. 51 (1997): 16–37.

  16. 16.

    Martin I. J. Griffin, “History of Rt. Rev. Michael Egan D.D., First Bishop of Philadelphia”, The American Catholic Historical Researches 9–10 (1892–3): esp. 9; 2 (April 1892): 67–68; HC, VII: 305 (ordained in 1785 or 1786); Conlan, St. Isidore’s, 222–225; Patrick Conlan, “Missions and Missionaries”, in The Irish Franciscans 1534–1990, ed. Edel Bhreathnach, Joseph MacMahon, and John McCafferty (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009), 271–286.

  17. 17.

    Archivio dell’Ordine dei Frati Minori, Rome, America Settentrionale, Buffalo, Immacolata Concezione, 1848–1869, M 119, fols. 3rv–4rv. Charles Bonaventure Maguire to [Cirilo Alameda y Brea], 20 March 1822. Also Andrew A. Lambing, A History of the Catholic Church in the Dioceses of Pittsburgh and Allegheny from its Establishment to the Present Time (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1880), 46–47; Anselm Faulkner, “Letters of Charles Bonaventure Maguire, OFM (1768–1833)”, Clogher Records 10/3 (1981): 284–303; 11, no. 1 (1982): 77–101; 2 (1983): 187–213, esp. 83, 187, 189; Conlan, “Missions and Missionaries”, 275.

  18. 18.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 2, fols. 510rv–511rv, Carroll to Thorpe, ? 7 November 1787 (Nugent). See also Reginald Walsh, “A List of Ecclesiastics Who Took the Oath of Allegiance”, Arch. Hib. 1 (1912): 46–76; Hugh Fenning, “The Vestiary-Book of the Irish Dominicans in Rome, 1727–1796”, Coll. Hib. 10 (1967): 60–71; Hugh Fenning, “The Book of Receptions and Professions of SS. Sixtus and Clement in Rome, 1676–1792”, Coll. Hib. 14 (1971): 13–35; Hugh Fenning, The Irish Dominican Province, 1698–1797 (Dublin: Dominican Publications, 1990), 527–529; Mary Nona McGreal, ed., Dominicans at Home in a Young Nation, 1786–1865 (Strasbourg: Éditions du Signe, 2001), 31–135. William Vincent O’Brien is sometimes given as William D. O’Brien.

  19. 19.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 28, fols. 49rv–50rv, Argenti to Troy, 12 November 1814; ibid., no. 32, fol. 54rv, Argenti to Troy, 18 February 1815. See also HC, VII: 280. At the time, the fact that Connolly had lived thirty-seven years in Rome was also remarked by the bishop of Boston, the French-speaking Jean-Louis-Anne-Madelain Lefèbvre de Cheverus. A few years later Poynter , commented that Connolly could claim no expertise on American issues, but was chosen on account of a secret plan to supply the United States with Irish bishops and priests. See AAQ, ser. 7 CM, II, 22, fol.1rv, Lefèbvre de Cheverus to [Plessis], 22 May 1815; APF, C, AC, vol. 7, fols. 261rv–263rv, [Poynter ] to [Robert Gradwell], 26 May 1821.

  20. 20.

    APF, Udienze, vol. 29, fols. 311rv–312rv, Connolly to Pius VI, [June 1791] (“Matrimonia … sunt Communissima”); ibid., vol. 33, fols. 190rv–191rv, Connolly to Pius VI, 13 June 1795; ibid., fols. 192rv–193rv, Connolly to Argenti, 3 June 1795; ibid., fols. 287rv–288rv, [Connolly] to Pius VI, [July 1795]; ibid., fols. 293rv–294rv, [Connolly] to Pius VI, [July 1795]; ibid., vol. 35, fols. 39rv–40rv, [Connolly] to Pius VI, [February 1796]); ibid., SOCG, vol. 912, fols. 142rv, 145rv, Concanen and Connolly to [P. Lambert ], 27 January 1805; ibid., fols. 143rv–144rv, Connolly to Coppola, 6 March 1806; APF, Udienze, vol. 29 ...; AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 277, fols. 361rv–362rv, Concanen to Troy , 25 March 1808; ibid., no. 278, fols. 363rv–364rv, Concanen to Troy , 21 May 1808 (agent). The Lisbon petitioners were Mary Bodkin and Samuel Harrison (the vice-consul), Marianne Harrison and William Bainbridge, Charlotte Rice and Alexander White, Mary Harrison and Daniel H. Henchmann. The other two Newfoundland candidates were Bernard Brady and Bonaventure Stewart. On Connolly, see Swords, Green Cockade, 202; Garrett Sweeney, “The ‘Wound in the Right Foot’: Unhealed?”, in Bishops and Writers: Aspects of the Evolution of Modern English Catholicism, ed. Adrian Hastings (Wheathampstead, Herts.: Anthony Clarke, 1977), 207–219.

  21. 21.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 255, fols. 324rv–325rv, Concanen to Troy , 8 March 1800 (“republican plunder”, “Students & Fathers”, “a great number of the books”); ibid., no. 273, fol. 355rv, Concanen to Troy , 14 June 1807 (intrigues); ibid., no. 277, fols. 361rv–362rv, Concanen to Troy , 25 March 1808.

  22. 22.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 280, fols. 366rv–367rv, Concanen to Troy , 19 Nov. 1808; ibid., no. 282, fols. 369rv–370rv, Concanen to Troy, 20 May 1809; ibid., no. 283, fol. 371rv, Concanen to Troy, 22 July 1809 (revenues); ibid., no. 290, fol. 381rv, [Peter Plunket] to Troy , 20 June 1810 and 2 September 1810; APF, C, Collegi Vari, vol. 58, fols. 500rv–501rv, Joseph Taylor to [? Giovanni Battista Quarantotti], 2 December 1809 (details on Concanen’s improper financial transactions, “vescovo denaroso”); AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 290, fol. 381rv, [Plunket] to Troy , 19 June 1810 and 3 September 1810; ibid., no. 292, fol. 384rv, Connolly to Troy, 7 March 1812. The library belonged to Oliver Kelly. On the financial management of Collegio San Clemente , Concanen stood alone against the joint opposition of Connolly, J. Taylor, and Pio Giuseppe Gaddi, the order’s vicar-general.

  23. 23.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, fols. 319rv–320rv, Concanen to Troy , 30 December 1797; AAQ, ser. 30 CN, I, 5, O’Donel to [Plessis], 29 June 1799 (bishopric); AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 253, fol. 322rv, Concanen to Troy, 7 December 1799 (“agents”); ibid., no. 277, fols. 361rv–362rv, Concanen to Troy , 25 March 1808 (Propaganda’s direct choice, “illness”); ibid., no. 308, fols. 408rv–409rv, Concanen to John Milner, 25 August 1808; ibid., no. 281, fol. 368rv, Concanen to Troy, 22 March 1809 (“naturalized”, “age, … constitution”); ibid., no. 288, fols. 378rv–379rv, Concanen to Troy , 18 April 1810; AAQ, 7 CM, I, 20 (ii), fols. 1rv–2rv, [Carroll] to [Plessis], [15 October 1810] (thirty years). See also Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 21.

  24. 24.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 254, fol. 323rv, Concanen to Troy , 1 February 1800; ibid., no. 277, fols. 361rv–362rv, Concanen to Troy, 25 March 1808 (Leghorn, Genoa, Palermo); ibid., no. 278, fols. 363rv–364rv, Concanen to Troy, 21 May 1808; ibid., no. 308, fols. 408rv–409rv, Concanen to Milner, 25 August 1808 (Leghorn); ibid., no. 280, fols. 366rv–367rv, Concanen to Troy , 19 November 1808 (Leghorn, “immense sum of money”); ibid., no. 282, fols. 369rv–370rv, Concanen to Troy, 20 May 1809.

  25. 25.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 279, fol. 365rv, Concanen to Troy , 8 October 1808 (Rome); Archives of the Daughters of Charity, St. Joseph’s Provincial House, Emmitsburg, Maryland, 1.3.3.10: 38, A. Filicchi to Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton, 30 November 1808 (Rome); AAQ, ser. 90 CM, I, 74, fols.1rv–2rv, Denis Chaumont to Plessis, 1 March 1809 (Rome); AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 281, fol. 368rv, Concanen to Troy , 22 March 1809 (Rome); ibid., no. 282, fols. 369rv–370rv, Concanen to Troy, 20 May 1809 (Rome).

  26. 26.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 285, fols. 373rv–374rv, Concanen to Troy , 3 January 1810 (France); ibid., no. 286, fols. 375rv–376rv, Concanen to Troy, 25 January 1810 (Paris, “desperate”); ibid., no. 288, fols. 378rv–379rv, Concanen to Troy, 18 April 1810; AAQ, 7 CM, II, 15, fols. 1rv–2rv, Lefèbvre de Cheverus to Plessis, 26 June 1810.

  27. 27.

    Carroll might have been behind Alexander Hammett’s assistance. See AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 294, fols. 386rv–387rv, Carroll to Troy , 7 February 1810. The circumstances of Concanen’s last journey and death are in ibid., no. 291, fols. 382rv–383rv, Plunket to Troy, 3 September 1810 (Hammett’s useless intervention, A. Filicchi ). See also ibid., no. 290, fol. 381rv, Plunket to Troy, 19 June 1810 and 3 September 1810.

  28. 28.

    Patrick W. Carey, People, Priests, and Prelates: Ecclesiastical Democracy and the Tensions of Trusteeism (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987), 247; Fenning , Irish Dominican Province, 623 no. 4; Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 20. Thomas Carbry’s family name is also spelled Carbery.

  29. 29.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 3, fols. 100rv–103rv, Caesar Reuter to Propaganda Fide, 4 July 1800 (by 1789 Denis Cahill had been eleven years in the United States, fol. 102r); AAD, AB2, I, 116/6, no. 92, fol.1rv, Carroll to Troy , 22 June 1795 (Bodkin’s arrival). See also Fenning , Irish Dominican Province, 565–568, 565–567, 625 n.2, 633 (Bodkin); Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 16–37.

  30. 30.

    Fenning , “Book of Receptions”, 34–35; Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 19. See also Peter K. Guilday, The Life and Times of John Carroll Archbishop of Baltimore (1735–1815) (New York: The Encyclopaedia Press, 1922), II: 227–228.

  31. 31.

    Carroll to Plowden, 25 June and 24 July 1815, in Thomas O’Brien Hanley, ed., The John Carroll Papers (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1976), II: 338.

  32. 32.

    To the number of the Collegio San Clemente Irish Dominicans who ended in the United States one could add Anthony Dominic Fahy, a County Galway native who studied at the college for seven years between 1828 and 1834. In 1834 he returned to Ireland and was immediately sent to the St. Joseph College in Somerset Ohio, where he remained from 1834 to 1836. He was again in Ireland from 1836 to 1843, when he became superior of the Irish chaplaincy of Buenos Aires, where he spent the rest of his life. See James M. Ussher, Father Fahy: A Biography of Anthony Dominic Fahy, OP, Irish Missionary in Argentina, 1805–1871 (Buenos Aires: [The Author], 1951).

  33. 33.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 9, fols. 509rv–511rv, act of foundation, 27 August 1796; ibid., Udienze, vol. 36, fols. 239rv–240rv, [Philip Crane] to Pius VI, [December 1796] (petition); ibid., fols. 233rv–234rv, [Propaganda’s memorandum], [6 February 1797]. See also Arthur J. Ennis, No Easy Road: The Early Years of the Augustinians in the United States, 1796–1874 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1993), 38, 54, 60, 62, 65; Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 21.

  34. 34.

    O’Donel to Troy , 13 June 1790, in Byrne, ed., Gentlemen-Bishops, 104 (“friend”). Also ibid., 80, 102, 123–124, 136–137; Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 34; Angus Anthony Johnston, and Kathleen M. MacKenzie, Antigonish Diocese Priests and Bishops 1786–1925 (Antigonish, NS: The Casket Printing and Publishing Co., 1994), 101; Matteo Binasco and Vera J. Orschel, “Prosopography of Irish Students Admitted to the Irish College, Rome, 1628–1798”, Arch. Hib. 66 (2013): 16–62.

  35. 35.

    APF, SOCG, vol. 897, fols. 312rv–313rv, Carroll to [L. Antonelli], June 1793 [recte 17 June 1793] (will appoint Connell). See also Fenning , “Irishmen Ordained 1760–1800”, 32 (Fenning lists Connell as O’Connell); Geoffrey Holt, “The English Ex-Jesuits and Jesuits and the Missions, 1773–1814”, Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 37/73 (January–June 1968): 153–165, reprinted in Thomas M. McCoog, ed., “Promising Hope”: Essays on the Suppression and Restoration of the English Province of the Society of Jesus (Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2003), 177–190 (“uncertain”).

  36. 36.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 285, fols. 373rv–374rv, Concanen to Troy , 3 January 1810 (wit); ibid., no. 288, fols. 378rv–379rv, Concanen to Troy , 18 April 1810 (fraud [“a complete raggiratore”]); APF, SOCG, vol. 921, fols. 346rv–352rv, Carbry to Hayes, 4 January 1819. See Giblin , “Papers of Hayes”, 82–87; Thomas W. Spalding, The Premier See: A History of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, 1789–1989 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 82; John D. Basil, “South Carolina Catholics before Roman Discipline, 1670–1820”, Journal of Church and State 45/4 (Autumn 2003): 787–808; Emmet J. Larkin, The Pastoral Role of the Roman Catholic Church in Pre-Famine Ireland 1750–1850 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006), 91–109.

  37. 37.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 5, fols. 36rv–37rv, Charles G. Cosslett to Leonard Neale, 5 February 1816 (Bonapartist); AAQ, ser. 7 CM, I, 29, fols. 1rv–2rv, Maréchal to Plessis, 6 January 1821. For Browne’s first visit, see APF, Udienze, vol. 54, fols. 676rv–677rv, Browne to Pedicini, 29 September 1816 (in Rome). For Browne’s second visit, see ibid., C, AC, vol. 5, fols. 521rv–522rv, Browne to Fontana, [1819]; ibid., Lettere, vol. 300, fol. 688rv, [Pedicini] to Settimio Rotelli, 18 September 1819; ibid., vol. 301, fol. 431rv, [Fontana] to [Juan José Diaz de Espada], 24 June 1820; ibid., fols. 528v–530r, [Fontana] to England, 22 July; ibid., C, AC, vol. 10, fols. 264rv, 266rv, Browne to Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, 31 December 1829. See also John E. Rotelle, Men of Heart (Villanova, PA: Augustinian Press, 1986), II: 15–39; T. W. Spalding, Premier See, 67–70, 81–83; Ennis, No Easy Road, 4.

  38. 38.

    WDA, ser. A, vol. 57, folder I C 1825–7, fols.1rv–2rv, Della Somaglia and Caprano to Poynter , 6 August 1825 (Limerick); APF, Udienze, vol. 65, fols. 247rv, 252rv, Bernard Collingridge to Della Somaglia, 3 November 1824; ibid., C, AC, vol. 6, fol. 482rv, St. Mary’s trustees to Conwell, 14 April 1825; AAQ, ser. 7 CM, I, no. 44, Maréchal to Plessis, 23 April 1825; WDA, ser. A, vol. 65, folder VI B 5, [no. 23], Maréchal to Poynter , 17 May 1825 (Leghorn); APF, Lettere, vol. 306, fol. 346r, [Della Somaglia] to Conwell, 16 July 1825 (arrived in Rome). Also A Concatenation of Speeches, Memoirs, Deeds, and Memorable References, Relative to St. Mary’s Church, in Philadelphia. Submitted to the Consideration (Philadelphia: [no publisher], 1824), 81.

  39. 39.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 6, fols. 487rv–488rv, Gaspare Deabbate to Thadeus Joseph O’Meally, 18 April 1825; ibid., fols. 535rv–540rv, O’Meally to Della Somaglia, [20 July 1825] (refusal); ibid., Udienze, vol. 65, fols. 244rv–246rv, 253rv, Caprano to Leo XII, 24 July 1825 (recantation on 25 July 1825); ibid., Lettere, vol. 306, fol. 377v, Caprano to O’Meally, 25 July 1825; ibid., C, AC, vol. 6, fol. 518rv, O’Meally’s memorandum, 25 July 1825 (abjuration); ibid., fols. 514rv–515rv, O’Meally to Caprano, 27 July 1825; ibid., fol. 529rv, O’Meally to Placido Zurla, 18 November 1825; ibid., vol. 8, fols. 537rv–538rv, O’Meally to B. Pacca, 23 November 1825; APF, C, AC, vol. 6, fols. 537rv, 540rv, O’Meally’s memorandum, 28 December 1825; ibid., fol. 535rv, Leo XII to O’Meally, 16 January 1826; ibid., Lettere, vol. 307, fol. 88v–89r, [Cappellari] to Giovanni Luca dell’Assunta, 25 February 1826; ibid., fol. 89rv, [Cappellari] to Rocco di San Michele Arcangelo, 25 February 1826; ibid., C, AC, vol. 8, fols. 574rv–575rv, Rocco di San Michele Arcangelo to Caprano, 27 February 1826; ibid., Lettere, vol. 307, fols. 497rv–498r, Caprano to the Guardian of the Capuchin Convent at Frascati, 25 July 1826; ibid., fols. 575v–576r, Caprano to Ludovico Micara, 19 August 1826 (Capuchins); ibid., vol. 311, fols. 615rv–616r, [Cappellari] to Daniel Murray, 17 July 1830 (London, Ireland).

  40. 40.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 5, fols. 241rv–242rv, Connolly to William Taylor, 6 June 1817 (Fermoy, New York); AAQ, 7 CM, II, 55, fols. 1rv–2rv, W. Taylor to Plessis, 28 September 1825 (Francophile); APF, SOCG, vol. 925, fols. 777rv–778rv, Connolly to Argenti, 22 January 1820; ibid., fols. 537rv–538rv, Aléxandre-Angélique de Talleyrand-Périgord to Macchi, 27 February 1820; AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 121, f. 152rv, Argenti to Troy , 29 April 1820.

  41. 41.

    APF, SOCG, vol. 925, fols. 505rv–506rv, Consalvi to Fontana, 19 April 1820; AAQ, ser. 7 CM, IV, 29, fols. 1rv–2rv, W. Taylor to Plessis, 27 March 1821; APF, SOCG, vol. 925, fols. 777rv–778rv, Connolly to Argenti, 22 January 1820; AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 121, fol. 152rv, Argenti to Troy , 29 April 1820; ibid., no. 157, fol. 195rv, Argenti to Troy , [20/30 August 1820]; ibid., no. 126, fols. 159rv–160rv, Argenti to Troy, 9 September 1820.

  42. 42.

    AAQ, ser. 7 CM, IV, 29, fols. 1rv–2rv, W. Taylor to Plessis, 27 March 1821; APF, Lettere, vol. 301, fol. 969r, [Fontana] to W. Taylor, 23 December 1820 (Paris); AAQ, ser. 7 CM, IV, 26, fols. 1rv–2rv, W. Taylor to Plessis, 8 February 1821; APF, SOCG, vol. 925, fols. 691rv, 693rv, W. Taylor to Propaganda Fide, 16 March 1821; AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 126, fols. 159rv–160rv, Argenti to Troy , 9 Sept. 1820.

  43. 43.

    APF, SOCG, vol. 925, fols. 702rv–703rv, Plessis to Fontana, 14 March 1820, New York; AAQ, ser. 7 CM, II, 51, fols. 1rv–2rv, W. Taylor to Plessis, 10 November 1824, Boston; ibid., 55, fols. 1rv–2rv, W. Taylor to Plessis, 28 September 1825, Le Havre; ibid., 56, fols. 1rv–2rv, B. J. Fenwick to Plessis, 12 December 1825. See also Annabelle Melville, Jean Lefebvre de Cheverus 1768–1836 (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1958), 217–218, 272, 315, 343.

  44. 44.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 44, fols. 66rv–67rv, Argenti to Troy , 6 December 1815 (meeting, fees); ibid., no. 59, fols. 84rv–85rv, Argenti to Troy, 10 August 1816 (Kenrick’s relationship with Troy). On the return to piazza di Spagna in 1818, see APF, C, CU, vol. 12, fol. 144rv, Raimondo Serdomenici’s memorandum, 14 September 1818; ibid., vol. 15, fols. 494rv–510rv, [Propaganda’s memorandum], [early 1830]. On the Epiphany celebrations, see ibid., vol. 12, fol. 459rv, [Collegio Urbano’s memorandum], [11 January 1818 or 10 January 1819]; ibid., vol. 13, fols. 37rv–38rv, [Serdomenici] to [Carlo Maria Pedicini], 1820 [recte 9 Jan. 1820]; ibid., fols. 190rv, 195rv, [Serdomenici’s memorandum], 1821 [recte 7 January 1821]. On Kenrick’s listing among theology students, see ibid., vol. 12, fol. 144rv, Serdomenici’s memorandum, 14 September 1818; ibid., fol. 559rv, Serdomenici’s memorandum, 15 September 1819; ibid., vol. 13, fol.11rv, Serdomenici’s memorandum, 7 January. 1820; ibid., fol. 196rv, Serdomenici’s memorandum, 1 August 1820 (admittance dated 19 October 1815: “most precise”). See also John McCall, “Jottings on the Kenrick Family”, Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 9/4 (December 1898): 459–467; Hugh J. Nolan, The Most Reverend Francis Patrick Kenrick, Third Bishop of Philadelphia 1830–1851 (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1948), 1–33.

  45. 45.

    AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 129, fol. 164rv, Argenti to Troy , 2 December 1820; APF, C, CU, vol. 13, fols. 252rv–253rv, Kenrick to Pedicini, 15 May 1821 (“Addio alle Spiaggie Europee”, “raccolta di messe sì abbondante,”); AAD, AB2, 28/1, no. 135, fol.170rv, Argenti to Troy , 19 May 1821 (“un certo Sig.re Inglesi”); WDA, ser. A, vol. 65, VI B 8, no. 2, fols. 1rv–2rv, Kenrick to Poynter , 16 August 1821, Kentucky. On Kenrick’s arrival in Bardstown, Kentucky, on 23 September 1821, and the impression made by his scholarship and learning, see Joseph Schauinger, Cathedrals in the Wilderness (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1952), 189.

  46. 46.

    APF, C, AC, vol. 9, fols. 605rv–606rv, Kenrick to Propaganda Fide, 11 April 1828. See also Robert Trisco, The Holy See and the Nascent Church in the Middle Western United States, 1826–1850 (Rome: Gregorian University Press, 1962), 205–206; Jay P. Dolan, In Search of an American Catholicism: A History of Religion and Culture in Tension (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 42 (“loyal to the bishop”), 48 (“born in Ireland”), 49 (“democracy”), 50 (“looked”). The best summary of Kenrick’s loyal relationship with the Holy See is in Daryl B. Light, Rome and the New Republic: Conflict and Community in Philadelphia Catholicism between the Revolution and the Civil War (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996), 247–279.

  47. 47.

    WDA, ser. A, vol. 65, folder VI B 5, [no. 03], fols.1rv–2rv, Maréchal to [Poynter ], 30 March 1821, Baltimore, (quotation).

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  1. Cushwa Center, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA

    Luca Codignola

  2. Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Luca Codignola

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    Matteo Binasco

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Codignola, L. (2019). Rome as Part of the Irish North Atlantic Experience, 1770–1830. In: Binasco, M. (eds) Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622–1908. Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95975-7_3

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