Abstract
Most white evangelicals viewed Donald Trump as the lesser of two evils. They were driven by concerns about abortion, religious freedom, and the Supreme Court. But a plurality preferred him to other GOP candidates. Why? Because they are white Christian nationalists. As such, they were attracted by Trump’s racialized, apocalyptic, and blood-drenched rhetoric. It recalled an earlier version of American religious nationalism, one that antedated the softened tones of modern-day “American exceptionalism” first introduced by Ronald Reagan. At the same time, Trumpism was stripped of the explicit allusions to Christian scripture that traditionally tethered American religious nationalism to Christian political theology. One way of reading Trumpism, then, is as a reactionary and secularized version of white Christian nationalism. I conclude by arguing that the proper response to Trumpism is not to double down on radical secularism but to recover America’s civil religious tradition.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
For Jones’ interpretation, see Brian Tashman, “Alex Jones: Donald Trump is a ‘Messenger of God,’ and ‘A King David Of Our Time,” RightWingWatch, October 28, 2016. For Hannity’s intervention, see https://twitter.com/BuzzFeedNews/status/784592106857914368
- 2.
For one example, see http://scottwebsterministries.org/article/is-donald-trump-a-modern-day-cyrus
References
Abu-Lughod, L. (2013). Do Muslim Women Need Saving? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Akenson, D. H. (1991). God’s Peoples: Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Akhtar, I. (2011). Race and Religion in the Political Problematization of the American Muslim. PS: Political Science & Politics, 44, 768–774.
Albanese, C. L. (1976). Sons of the Fathers: The Civil Religion of the American Revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bailey, R. A. (2011). Race and Redemption in Puritan New England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bellah, R. (1967). Civil Religion in America. Daedalus, 96, 1–21.
Bellah, R. N. (2011). Religion in Human Evolution: From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bercovitch, S. (1978). The American Jeremiad. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Berenson, T. (2016). The Real Story Behind Donald Trump’s Pig’s Blood Slander. Time Magazine. http://time.com/4235405/donald-trump-pig-blood-muslims-story/
Boyer, P. S. (1992). When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chaves, M. (2011). American Religion: Contemporary Trends. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Chokshi, N. (2016). Trump Accuses Clinton of Guiding Global Elite Against U.S. Working Class. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/14/us/politics/trump-comments-linked-to-antisemitism.html?_r=0
Cillizza, C. (2016). Donald Trump Says There’s a Global Conspiracy Against Him. Washington Post.
Cox, D., & Jones, R. P. (2016). The 2016 Religion Vote. PRRI Research. Washington, DC: PRRI. http://www.prri.org/spotlight/religion-vote-2016/
Dawsey, J., Arnsdorf, I., Tosi, N., et al. (2016). White House Nixed Holocaust Statement Naming Jews. Washington, DC: Politico.
Diggins, J. P. (2007). Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History. New York: WW Norton & Company.
Eberstadt, M. (2016). It’s Dangerous to Believe: Religious Freedom and Its Enemies. New York: Harper.
Edgell, P., Gerteis, J., & Hartmann, D. (2006). Atheists as ‘Other’: Moral Boundaries and Cultural Membership in American Society. American Sociological Review, 71, 211–234.
Flegenheimer, M., & Haberman, M. (2016). Donald Trump, Abortion Foe, Eyes ‘Punishment’ for Women, Then Recants. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/us/politics/donald-trump-abortion.html
Gabriel, T. (2015). Donald Trump Says He’d ‘Absolutely’ Require Muslims to Register. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/11/20/donald-trump-says-hed-absolutely-require-muslims-to-register/
Gass, N. (2016). Poll: Evangelicals Flocking to Trump. Washington, DC: Politico.
Gorski, P. S. (2009). Conservative Protestantism in the United States? Toward a Comparative and Historical Perspective. Brint and Schroedel, 1, 74–112.
Gorski, P. (2017). American Covenant: A History of Civil Religion from the Puritans to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gorski, P. S., & McMillan, W. (2012). Barack Obama and American Exceptionalisms. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 10, 41–50.
Greaves, R. L. (1992). Radicals, Rights, and Revolution: British Nonconformity and Roots of the American Experience. Church History, 61, 151–168.
Greeley, A. M., & Hout, M. (2006). The Truth About Conservative Christians: What They Think and What They Believe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Green, E. (2016). Most American Christians Believe They’re Victims of Discrimination. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/06/the-christians-who-believe-theyre-being-persecuted-in-america/488468/
Haberman, M., & Oppel, R. A. Jr. (2016). Donald Trump Criticizes Muslim Family of Slain U.S. Soldier. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/us/politics/donald-trump-khizr-khan-wife-ghazala.html
Haine, T. (2016). Gary Bauer: 2016 Is the ‘Flight 93 Election,’ ‘Our Last Shot’ to Save Western Civilization. RealClearPolitics. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/09/09/gary_bauer_2016_is_the_flight_93_election_our_last_shot_to_save_western_civilization.html
Harding, S. F. (2000). The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hietala, T. R. (1985). Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hutchison, W. R., & Lehmann, H. (1994). Many Are Chosen: Divine Election and Western Nationalism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Jacobson, M. F. (1998). Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press.
Johnson, J. (2015). Trump Calls for ‘Total and Complete Shutdown’ of Muslims Entering the United States. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-calls-for-total-and-complete-shutdown-of-muslims-entering-the-united-states/?utm_term=.5e33a5d4e985
Kalkan, K. O., Layman, G. C., & Uslaner, E. M. (2009). ‘Bands of Others’? Attitudes Toward Muslims in Contemporary American Society. The Journal of Politics, 71, 847–862.
Klein, E. (2016). Trump Ally Alex Jones Thinks Barack Obama and Hilary Clinton Are Literally Demons from Hell. Vox. https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/10/10/13233338/alex-jones-trump-clinton-demon
Kruse, K. (2016). One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America. New York: Basic Books.
Lepore, J. (1999). The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity. 1st Vintage Books. New York: Vintage Books.
Lichtman, A. J. (2009). White Protestant Nation: The Rise of the American Conservative Movement. New York: Grove Press.
Lincoln, A. (1992). Selected Speeches and Writings. New York: Vintage.
Lovejoy, D. S. (1994). Satanizing the American Indian. New England Quarterly, 67(4), 603–621.
Marvin, C., & Ingle, D. W. (1996). Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Revisiting Civil Religion. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, LXIV, 767–780.
Marvin, C., & Ingle, D. W. (1999). Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mcdaniel, E. L., Nooruddin, I., & Shortle, A. F. (2009). God’s Nation: Religious Nationalism in Contemporary American Politics. Chicago: Midwest Political Science Association.
Mcdaniel, E. L., Nooruddin, I., & Shortle, A. F. (2010). Divine Boundaries: How Religion Shapes Citizens’ Attitudes Toward Immigrants. American Politics Research, 39(1), 205–233.
Mcdougall, W. A. (1997). Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Mcdougall, W. (2016). The Tragedy of U.S. Foreign Policy. How America’s Civil Religion Betrayed the National Interest. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Mckenna, G. (2008). The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Miller, P. (1939). The New England Mind; the Seventeenth Century. New York: Macmillan Company.
Miller, P. (1983). The New England Mind, from Colony to Province. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Miller, E. M. (2016a). 14 Conservative Christians Who Are Not Supporting Trump. In M. Silk (Ed.), Religion News Service. Hartford. http://religionnews.com/2016/06/21/7-conservative-christians-who-are-not-supporting-trump/
Miller, E. M. (2016b). Survey: White Evangelicals Say US No Longer a Christian Nation. In M. Silk (Ed.), Religion News Service. Hartford.
Moorhead, J. H. (1978). American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Moorhead, J. H. (1984). The Erosion of Postmillennialism in American Religious Thought, 1865–1925. Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture, 53, 61–77.
Moorhead, J. H. (1999). World Without End: Mainstream American Protestant Visions of the Last Things, 1880–1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mus, P. D. (2016). The Flight 93 Election. The Claremont Review of Books.
Perry, S. L. (2013). Religion and Whites’ Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage with African Americans, Asians, and Latinos. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52, 425–442.
Perry, S. L. (2014). Hoping for a Godly (White) Family: How Desire for Religious Heritage Affects Whites’ Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53, 202–218.
Perry, S. L., & Whitehead, A. L. (2015). Christian Nationalism and White Racial Boundaries: Examining Whites’ Opposition to Interracial Marriage. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38, 1671–1689.
Putnam, R. D., Campbell, D. E., & Garrett, S. R. (2010). American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. 1st Simon & Schuster Hardcover. New York: Simon & Schuster. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1010/2010027838-b.html, http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1010/2010027838-d.html
Roediger, D. R. (1991). The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London/New York: Verso.
Rose, J. (2016). From Mexican Rapists to Bad Hombres. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/10/20/from-mexican-rapists-to-bad-hombres-the-trump-campaign-in-two-moments/?utm_term=.50ff40ca9795
Saxton, A. (1990). The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth Century America. London/New York: Verso.
Sherfinski, D. (2016). Donald Trump: ‘I Think Islam Hates Us’. Washington, DC: Washington Times.
Slotkin, R. (1973). Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600–1860. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Slotkin, R. (1992). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Smietana, B. (2016). 2016 Election Exposes Evangelical Divides. Nashville: LifeWay. http://blog.lifeway.com/newsroom/2016/10/14/2016-election-exposes-evangelical-divides/
Smith, C. (2000). Christian America?: What Evangelicals Really Want. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Stout, H. S. (2006). Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the American Civil War. New York: Viking.
Sutton, M. A. (2009). Aimee Semple McPherson and the Resurrection of Christian America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sutton, M. A. (2014). American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Tucker, E. (2016). US Gives Directive to Schools to Transgender Bathroom Access. New York: Associated Press.
Tuveson, E. L. (1968). Redeemer Nation; the Idea of America’s Millennial Role. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tyson, A., & Maniam, S. (2016). Behind Trump’s Victory: Divisions by Race, Gender and Education. Factank. Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/behind-trumps-victory-divisions-by-race-gender-education/
Walker, T. (2016). Kentucky Governor Suggests ‘Blood Will Be Shed’ if Hillary Clinton Wins the Presidency. The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-elections/kentucky-governor-suggests-blood-will-be-shed-if-hillary-clinton-wins-the-presidency-a7268141.html
Warman, A. T. (2016). Russell Moore Can’t Support Either Candidate. New York: New York Times.
Weber, E. (2000). Apocalypses: Prophecies, Cults, and Millennial Beliefs Through the Ages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wehner, P. (2016). The Theology of Donald Trump. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/opinion/campaign-stops/the-theology-of-donald-trump.html?_r=0
Winship, M. P. (2006). Godly Republicanism and the Origins of the Massachusetts Polity. The William and Mary Quarterly, 63: 427–462. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3877371
Wood, G. S. (1969). The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gorski, P. (2019). Why Evangelicals Voted for Trump: A Critical Cultural Sociology. In: Mast, J.L., Alexander, J.C. (eds) Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics. Cultural Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95945-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95945-0_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95944-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95945-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)