Abstract
Cement is a composite material and it consists of different raw materials. The raw materials which are used in the cement production industry are commonly obtained from rocks such as limestone, gypsum, clay, and iron ore. In addition, the cement raw materials may also include natural radionuclides such as 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, which may have an adverse effect on human health. Hence, determination of natural radioactivity level is very important for human health safety. In this study, natural activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are investigated in cement and cement raw materials in Turkey as a case study. In addition, eight different radiological parameters and indices were calculated from activity concentrations. The natural radioactivity due to the presence of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K was measured using the gamma spectrometer coupled with HPGe detector. The mean measured activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the raw materials were 38.14, 92.66, and 636.63 Bq kg−1, respectively, with higher activity concentrations in coal for 226Ra and trass for 232Th and 40K. Mean activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in cement samples were found as 34.26, 58.2, and 512, respectively. The results showed that coal and fly ash are the principal contributors for the presence of 226Ra activity concentration, trass and iron ore materials for the presence of 232Th, and clay and trass raw materials for the presence of 40K in cements.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amasi AI, Mtei KM, Nathan IJ, Jodlowski P, Dinh CN (2014) Natural radioactivity in Tanzania cements and their raw materials. Res Environ Earth Sci 6(10):469–474
British Geological Survey (2005). Mineral Profile: Cement Raw Materials. UK, British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, p.20. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1408
European Commission, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) (2001) Reference document on best available techniques in the cement and lime manufacturing industries. https://theconstructor.org/building/manufacture-of-cement/13709. Accessed 15 Apr 2018
Shala F, Xhixha G, Kac M¸ Xhixha E, Hasani F, Xhixha E, Shyti M, Kuqi DS, Prifti D, Qafleshi M (2017) Natural radioactivity in cements and raw materials used in Albanian cement industry. Environ Earth Sci 76, 670
Yuce G, Ugurluoglu D, Dilaver AT, Eser T, Sayin M, Donmez M, Ozcelik S, Aydin F (2009) The effects of lithology on water pollution: natural radioactivity and trace elements in water resources of Eskisehir Region (Turkey). Water Air Soil Pollut 202(1–4):69–89
Callegari I, Bezzon GP, Broggini C, Buso GP, Caciolli A, Carmignani L, Colonna T, Fiorentini G, Guastaldi E, Kac M, Xhixha E, Mantovani F, Massa G, Menegazzo R, Mou L, Pirro A, Rossi Alvarez C, Strati V, Xhixha G, Zanon A (2013) Total natural radioactivity map of Tuscany (Italy). J Maps 9(3):438–443
Strati V, Baldoncini M, Bezzon GP, Broggini C, Buso GP, Caciolli A, Callegari I, Carmignani L, Colonna T, Fiorentini G, Guastaldi E, Kaceli Xhixha M, Mantovani F, Menegazzo R, Mou L, Rossi Alvarez C, Xhixha G, Zanon A (2014) Total natural radioactivity map of Veneto (Italy). J Maps 11(4):545–551
Kaceli Xhixha M, Albèri M, Baldoncini M, Bezzon GP, Buso GP, Callegari I, Casini L, Cuccuru S, Fiorentini G, Guastaldi E, Mantovani F, Mou L, Oggiano G, Puccini A, Rossi Alvarez C, Strati V, Xhixha G, Zanon A (2016) Uranium distribution in the Variscan basement of Northeastern Sardinia. J Maps 12(5):1029–1036
Righi S, Bruzzi L (2006) Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation in building materials used in Italian dwellings. J Environ Radioact 88:158–170
Khan K, Khan HM (2001) Natural gamma-emitting radionuclides in Pakistani Portland cement. Appl Radiat Isot 54:861–865
Awodugba AO, Adelabu JSA, Awodele MK, Ishola GA (2007) Gamma ray activity in raw materials and the end product from the West African Portland Cement PLC, Ewekoro, South Western Nigeria. Indoor Built Environ 16(6):569–572
Mollah AS, Ahmad GU, Hussain SR, Rahman MM (1986) The natural radioactivity of some building materials used in Bangladesh. Health Phys 50:849–851
Schotzing V, Debertin K (1983) Photon emission probabilities per decay of 226Ra and 232Th equilibrium with their daughter products. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 34:533–538
Ajayi OS, Ajayi IR (1999) Survey of environmental gamma radiation levels of some areas of Ekiti and Ondo State, Southwestern Part of Nigeria. Niger J Phys 11:17–21
European Standard EN 197-1:2011, Cement part 1: composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
Altun M, Sezgin N, Nemlioglu S, Karakelle B, Can N, Temelli UE (2017) Natural radioactivity and hazard-level assessment of Portland cements in Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 314:941–948
Matiullah AA, Rehman S, Faheem M (2004) Measurement of radioactivity in the soil of Bahawalpur division, Pakistan. Radiat Prot Dosim 112(3):443–447
Nageswara Rao MV, Bhatti SS, Rama Seshu P, Reddy AR (1996) Natural radioactivity in soil and radiation levels of Rajasthan. Radiat Prot Dosim 63:207–216
NEA-OECD (1979) Exposure to radiation from natural radioactivity in building materials. Report by NEA Group of Experts of the Nuclear Energy Agency. OECD, Paris
United National Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2000) Sources and risks of ionizing radiation. Report to the general assembly with annexes. United Nations, New York, NY
European Commission (EC) (1999) Radiation Protection, 112. Radiological protection principles concerning the natural radioactivity of building materials. Directorate-General Environment. Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection
Zaim N, Atlas H (2016) Assessment of radioactivity levels and radiation hazards using gamma spectrometry in soil samples of Edirne, Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 310(3):959–967
Mamont-Ciesla K, Gwiazdowski B, Biernacka M, Zak A (1982) Radioactivity of building materials in Poland. In: Vohra G, Pillai KC, Sadavisan S (eds) Natural radiation environment. Halsted Press, New York, NY, p 551
Vohra G, Pillai KC, Sadavisan S (eds) (1982) Natural radiation environment. Halsted Press, New York, NY
Okeyode IC, Jibiri NN (2013) Excess lifetime cancer risks associated with the use of sediments from Ogun River, Nigeria as building material. Res J Phys 7(1):1–8
Ramasamy V, Suresh G, Meenakshisundaram V, Ponnusamy V (2011) Horizontal and vertical characterization of radionuclides and minerals in river sediments. Appl Radiat Isot 69:184–195
Ramasamy V, Sundarrajan M, Paramasivam K, Meenakshisundaram V, Suresh G (2013) Assessment of spatial distribution and radiological hazardous nature of radionuclides in high background radiation area, Kerala, India. Appl Radiat Isot 73:21–31
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (2007) The Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann ICRP 37, pp 2–4
Raghu Y, Ravisankar R, Chandrasekaran A, Vijayagopal P, Venkatraman B (2017) Assessment of natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in building materials used in the Tiruvannamalai District, Tamilnadu, India, using a statistical approach. J Taibah Univ Sci 11:523–533
Krieger R (1981) Radioactivity of construction materials. Betonwerk Fertigteil Techn 47:468–473
Turhan S (2008) Assessment of the natural radioactivity and radiological hazards in Turkish cement and its raw materials. J Environ Radioact 99(2):404–414
Stojanovska Z, Nedelkovski D, Ristova M (2010) Natural radioactivity and human exposure by raw materials and end product from cement industry used as building materials. Radiat Meas 45(8):969–972
Kumar V, Ramachandran TV, Prasad R (1999) Natural radioactivity of Indian building materials and by-products. Appl Radiat Isot 51:93–96
Asaduzzaman K, Mannan F, Khandaker MU, Farook MS, Elkezza A, Bin Mohd Amin Y, Sharma S, Bin Abu Kassim H (2015) Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and potential radiological risks of common building materials used in Bangladeshi dwellings, assessment of natural radioactivity levels and potential radiological risks of common building materials used in Bangladeshi dwellings. PLoS One 10(10):e0140667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140667
El-Taher A, Makhluf S, Nossair A, Halim ASA (2010) Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and radiation hazards due to cement industry. Appl Radiat Isot 68(1):169–174
Al-Dadi MM, Hassan HE, Sharshar T, Arida HA, Badran HM (2014) Environmental impact of some cement manufacturing plants in Saudi Arabia. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 302(3):1103–1117
Alashrah S, El-Taher A (2016) Gamma spectroscopic analysis and associated radiation hazards parameters of cement used in Saudi Arabia. J Environ Sci Technol 9:238–245
Tufan MC, Disci T (2013) Natural radioactivity measurements in building materials used in Samsun, Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim 156(1):87–92
Aslam M, Gul R, Ara T, Hussain M (2012) Assessment of radiological hazards of naturally occurring radioactive materials in cement industry. Radiat Prot Dosim 151(3):483–488
Papaefthymiou H, Gouseti O (2008) Natural radioactivity and associated radiation hazards in building materials used in Peloponnese, Greece. Radiat Meas 43(8):1453–1457
Ozdis BE, Cam NF, Ozturk BC (2017) Assessment of natural radioactivity in cements used as building materials in Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 311:307–316
Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 Dec. 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation, and repealing Directives 89/618/Euratom, 90/641/Euratom, 96/29/Euratom, 97/43/Euratom and 2003/122/Euratom. L13, 57
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sezgin, N., Karakelle, B., Temelli, U.E., Nemlioğlu, S. (2019). Natural Radioactivity and Hazard Level Assessment of Cements and Cement Raw Materials. In: Balkaya, N., Guneysu, S. (eds) Recycling and Reuse Approaches for Better Sustainability. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95888-0_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95888-0_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95887-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95888-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)