Abstract
This chapter presents a molecular cytogenetic progress in the study of the Allium chromosomes and its application in onion breeding. A crucial milestone in modern cytogenetics has been the development of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology. Thanks to FISH and numerous other technical improvements it became possible to visualize on chromosome repetitive and single-copy DNA sequences that allowed to construct cytogenetic maps and integrate them with recombination maps. A complete set of alien monosomic addition lines (AMALs) of A. fistulosum with an extra chromosome from A. cepa played an essential role for alignment of Allium genetic maps to physical chromosomes. The recent discovery of unusual Allium telomere and the first achievement in the study of the onion centromere provide insight into the biology of this important functional structure of chromosomes. The molecular cytogenetic analysis of the Allium genome has revealed a great species-specific diversity of the chromosome structure, which once again convinces us in the complexity of the plant genome evolution. For the future, much more molecular cytogenetic markers are needed to assist whole-genome assembly in the ongoing SEQUON—Onion Genome Sequencing project. High-density cytogenetic maps will fill the gaps between genome sequencing data and the sub-chromosomal level.
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Acknowledgements
I am grateful for the unpublished images provided by Ilya Kirov (Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences), Dmitry Romanov and Nataliya Kudryavtseva (Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy), and to my diploma student Alexey Ermolaev for the technical assistance. This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Grant No. 16-16-10031.
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Khrustaleva, L. (2018). Cytological Details of Genome. In: Shigyo, M., Khar, A., Abdelrahman, M. (eds) The Allium Genomes. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95825-5_5
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