Abstract
This chapter examines the way that women are limited in their ability to even take up the subject position of screenwriter. Looking at the way screenwriting is discursively positioned reveals perceptions and expectations about the role that will be explored in more detail in subsequent chapters. Recurring in the talk of film workers is a belief in special creative individuals and meritocracy, the combination of which ensures that the status quo is upheld. Contradictory discourses around creative collaboration and homophily are also ubiquitous but curiously less hegemonic. Analysing the discursive work being done in the talk of film workers reveals that some discourses on screenwriting work are more readily acknowledged than others. To explain this, progress narratives that insist ‘things are getting better’ are unpacked to show how talk actually upholds gender inequality.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Joanne Rowling is the author of the hugely successful ‘Harry Potter’ novels (Rowling, J. K. 1997. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, London, Bloomsbury).
- 2.
- 3.
Fish Tank is a multiple-award-winning, low-budget, coming-of-age story written and directed by British filmmaker Andrea Arnold (2009).
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
St Paul’s Girls School is an independent school in West London. Fees are currently between £7000 and £9000 per term. Their website is www.spgs.org
References
Amabile, Teresa M. 1983. The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (2): 357.
Arnold, Andrea. 2009. Director Fish Tank. Screenwriter: Andrea Arnold: IFC Films.
Banks, Mark. 2017. Creative justice: Cultural industries, work and inequality. London: Pickering & Chatto Publishers.
Becker, Howard Saul. 1974. Art as collective action. American Sociological Review 39 (6): 767–776.
———. 1982. Art worlds. London: University of California Press.
Billig, Michael, Susan Condor, Derek Edwards, Mike Gane, David Middleton, and Alan Radley, eds. 1988. Ideological dilemmas: A social psychology of everyday thinking. London: Sage.
Bourdieu, Pierre, and Loïc Wacquant. 1992. An invitation to reflexive sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Boyle, Danny. 1996. Director. Trainspotting. Screenwriter: John Hodge: Film 4.
———. 2002. Director. 28 Days Later. Screenwriter: Alex Garland: 20th Century Fox.
———. 2004. Director. Millions. Screenwriter: Frank Cottrell Boyce: Fox Searchlight.
———. 2008. Director. Slumdog Millionaire. Screenwriter: Simon Beaufoy: Warner Bros, Film 4.
———. 2012. Director. London 2012 Olympic Opening Ceremony: Isles of wonder. Screenwriters: Danny Boyle, Frank Cottrell Boyce: BBC.
Butterly, A. 2014. Hollywood: Too few women on screen, new study finds. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/26528206. Accessed 2 Apr 2018.
Cobb, Shelley, Linda Ruth Williams, and Natalie Wreyford. 2016. Calling the shots: Women working in key roles on UK films in production during 2015. https://www.southampton.ac.uk/cswf/project/number_tracking.page. Accessed 26 Mar 2018.
———. 2018. Calling the shots: Women directors and cinematographers on British Films since 2003. https://s25407.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Calling-the-Shots-Report-Feb-2018-Women-directors-and-cinematographers.pdf. Accessed 26 Mar 2018.
Conor, Bridget. 2010. Everybody’s a writer theorizing screenwriting as creative labour. Journal of Screenwriting 1 (1): 27–43.
Creative Skillset and Women in Film and Television. 2009. Why her? Report: Factors that have influenced successful women in Film and TV. http://publications.skillset.org/index.php?id=57. Accessed 2012. The report is no longer available online but details can be found here: http://creativeskillset.org/assets/0000/6249/Women_in_the_Creative_Media_Industries_report_-_Sept_2010.pdf. Accessed 27 Mar 2018.
Del Toro, Guillermo. 2013. Director Pacific Rim. Screenwriters: Travis Beacham, Guillermo del Toro. Warner Brothers.
Edley, Nigel, and Margaret Wetherell. 2001. Jekyll and Hyde: Men’s constructions of feminism and feminists. Feminism & Psychology 11: 439–457.
Everingham, Christine, Deborah Stevenson, and Penny Warner-Smith. 2007. ‘Things are getting better all the time’? Challenging the narrative of women’s progress from a generational perspective. Sociology 41 (3): 419–437.
Florida, Richard. 2002. The rise of the creative class. New York: Basic Books.
Francke, Lizzie. 1994. Script girls: Women screenwriters in Hollywood. London: British Film Institute.
Franks, Suzanne. 1999. Having none of it: Women, men and the future of work. London: Granta.
Gill, Rosalind. 2000. Justifying injustice: Broadcasters’ accounts of inequality in radio. In Discourse analytic research, ed. E. Burman and I. Parker. London: Routledge.
———. 2007. Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. European Journal of Cultural Studies 10 (2): 147–166.
———. 2014. Unspeakable inequalities: Post feminism, entrepreneurial subjectivity, and the repudiation of sexism among cultural workers. Social Politics 21 (4): 509–528.
Gill, Rosalind, and Shani Orgad. 2015. The confidence cult(ure). Australian Feminist Studies 30 (86): 324–344.
Hall, Elaine. 1993. Waitering/waitressing. Gender & Society 7: 329–346.
Ibarra, Herminia. 1992. Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly 37: 422–447.
Karlin, Lily. 2015. The 2015 Oscars will be terrible for women, as usual. The Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/2015-oscars-terrible-women_n_6727088. Accessed 2 Apr 2018.
Kelan, Elisabeth. 2008. Gender, risk and employment insecurity: The masculine breadwinner subtext. Human Relations 61: 1171–1202.
———. 2009. Performing gender at work. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lauzen, Martha M. 2018. The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-scenes employment of women on the top 100, 250, and 500 films of 2017. San Diego State University. https://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017_Celluloid_Ceiling_Report.pdf. Accessed 26 Mar 2018.
Leidner, Robin. 1991. Serving hamburgers and selling insurance: Gender, work, and identity in interactive service jobs. Gender & Society 5 (2): 154–177.
Liff, Sonia, and Ivy Cameron. 1997. Changing equality cultures to move beyond ‘women’s problems’. Gender, Work & Organization 4 (1): 35–46.
Littler, Jo. 2017. Against meritocracy: Culture, power and myths of mobility. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
McRobbie, Angela. 2002. Holloway to Hollywood: Happiness at work in the cultural economy. In Cultural economy: Cultural analysis and commercial life, ed. Paul Du Gay and Michael Pryke, 97–114. London: Sage.
———. 2007. Top girls? Young women and the post-feminist sexual contract. Cultural Studies 21 (4–5): 718–737.
Nardi, Peter M. 2010. Why have women magicians vanished? Pacific Standard. https://psmag.com/social-justice/why-have-women-magicians-vanished-8369. Accessed 3 Apr 2018.
Nianias, Helen. 2015. ‘Ask better questions’: Amy Poehler’s inspired feminist Golden Globes campaign against the awards show gender divide. The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/ask-better-questions-amy-poehlers-inspired-feminist-golden-globes-campaign-against-the-awards-show-9971748.html. Accessed 3 Apr 2018.
Nixon, Sean. 2003. Advertising cultures: Gender, commerce, creativity. London: Sage.
Porter, Sam. 1992. Women in a women’s job: The gendered experience of nurses. Sociology of Health & Illness 14: 510–527.
Potter, Jonathan, and Margaret Wetherell. 1987. Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage.
Reitman, Jason. 2007. Director: Juno. Screenwriter: Diablo Cody: Fox Searchlight.
———. 2011. Director: Young Adult. Screenwriter: Diablo Cody: Paramount Pictures.
Rosenberg, Alyssa. 2013. At the MPAA, Geena Davis says raising awareness key to change ratio on women in movies. Think Progress. https://thinkprogress.org/at-the-mpaa-geena-davis-says-raising-awareness-key-to-change-the-ratio-on-women-in-movies-c8318a547659/. Accessed 26 Apr 2018.
Rosser, Michael. 2014. Only 16.3% of European films directed by women. Women in Film and Television UK. https://wftv.org.uk/only-16-3-of-european-films-directed-by-women/. Accessed 4 Apr 2018.
Rowling, J.K. 1997. Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone. London: Bloomsbury.
Russell, David O. 2012. Director. Silver Linings Playbook. 2012. Screenwriter: David O. Russell: Weinstein Company.
———. 2013. Director. American Hustle. Screenwriters: Eric Warren Singer, David O. Russell: Columbia Pictures.
———. 2015. Director. Joy. 2015. Screenwriter: David O. Russell: Fox 2000 Pictures.
Scharff, Christina. 2012. Repudiating feminism: Young women in a neoliberal world. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Silverstein, Melissa. 2014. The unbelievable privilege of being a male director. Women and Hollywood Blog. http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/the-unbelievable-privilege-of-being-a-male-director. Accessed 4 Apr 2018.
St Jean, Yanick, and Joe R. Feagin. 2015. Double burden: Black women and everyday racism. London/New York: Routledge.
Taylor, Stephanie. 2011. Negotiating oppositions and uncertainties: Gendered conflicts in creative identity work. Feminism & Psychology 21 (3): 354–371.
Taylor, Stephanie, and Karen Littleton. 2006. Biographies in talk: A narrative-discursive research approach. Qualitative Sociology Review 2 (1): 22–38.
———. 2012. Contemporary identities of creativity and creative work. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Tucker, Anand. 1998. Director. Hilary and Jackie. Screenwriter: Frank Cottrell Boyce: Film 4.
Wetherell, Margaret. 1998. Positioning and interpretative repertoires: Conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse & Society 9 (3): 387–412.
Winterbottom, Michael. 1997. Director Welcome to Sarajevo. Screenwriter: Frank Cottrell Boyce: Miramax.
———. 2000. Director. The Claim. 2000. Screenwriter: Frank Cottrell Boyce: BBC Films.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wreyford, N. (2018). Gendering the Screenwriter. In: Gender Inequality in Screenwriting Work. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95732-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95732-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95731-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95732-6
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)