Skip to main content

History of the Continent Ileostomy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 268 Accesses

Abstract

The evolution of the continent ileostomy –“ The Kock pouch” - demonstrates that the education in basic research with its technical applications is an important prerequisite for the progress and success of clinical experiments.

This chapter describes in detail - step by step – the evolution of the continent ileostomy, starting with urodynamic studies on urinary bladder substitutes and construction of a low pressure ileal reservoir for urinary bladder replacement, followed by the creation of the continent ileostomy for collection and storage of intestinal discharge and finally the continent urostomy for urinary diversion. The concept of the Kock pouch has radically changed the surgical concept of fecal and urinary diversion and the method has contributed greatly to the development of the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis – the “pelvic pouch”.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  1. Bricker EM. Bladder substitution after pelvic evisceration. Surg Clin North Am. 1950;30(5):1511–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bricker EM, Eiseman B. Bladder reconstruction from cecum and ascending colon following resection of pelvic viscera. Ann Surg. 1950;132(1):77–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Tasker JH. Ileo-cystoplasty: a new technique; an experimental study with report of a case. Br J Urol. 1953;25(4):349–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Giertz G, Franksson C. Construction of a substitute bladder, with preservation of urethral voiding, after subtotal and total cystectomy. Acta Chir Scand. 1957;113(3):218–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kock NG. An experimental analysis of mechanisms engaged in reflex inhibition of intestinal motility. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1959;47(164):1–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Faxen A, Kock NG, Sundin T. Long-term functional results after ileocystoplasty. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1973;7(2):127–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kock NG. Intra-abdominal “reservoir” in patients with permanent ileostomy. Preliminary observations on a procedure resulting in fecal “continence” in five ileostomy patients. Arch Surg. 1969;99(2):223–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kock NG, Darle N, Hulten L, Kewenter J, Myrvold H, Philipson B. Ileostomy. Curr Probl Surg. 1977;14(8):1–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kock NG. Continent ileostomy. Prog Surg. 1973;12:180–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Steichen FM. The creation of autologous substitute organs with stapling instruments. Am J Surg. 1977;134(5):659–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kock NG, Brevinge H, Philipson BM, Ojerskog B. Continent ileostomy. The present technique and long term results. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1986;75(2):63–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gelernt IM, Bauer JJ, Kreel I. The reservoir ileostomy: early experience with 54 patients. Ann Surg. 1977;185(2):179–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Barnett WO. Modified techniques for improving the continent ileostomy. Am Surg. 1984;50(2):66–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Barnett WO. Current experiences with the continent intestinal reservoir. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989;168(1):1–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kaiser AM, Stein JP, Beart RW Jr. T-pouch: a new valve design for a continent ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45(3):411–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kaiser AM. T-pouch: results of the first 10 years with a nonintussuscepting continent ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012;55(2):155–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Berglund B, Kock NG, Myrvold HE. Volume capacity and pressure characteristics of the continent cecal reservoir. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1986;163(1):42–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Berglund B, Kock NG. Volume capacity and pressure characteristics of various types of intestinal reservoirs. World J Surg. 1987;11(6):798–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gadacz TR, Kelly KA, Phillips SF. The continent ileal pouch: absorptive and motor features. Gastroenterology. 1977;72(6):1287–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hahnloser P, Sauberli H, Geroulanos S, Schauwecker HH, Kock NG. Continent ileostomy--indication and possibilities. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1975;105(25):800–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sauberli H, Geroulanos S, Hahnloser P, Schauwecker H, Kock NG. Studies of the dynamics of the “nipple valve” in dogs with continent colostomies. Dis Colon Rectum. 1974;17(6):735–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Myrvold HE, Jonsson KO. Pressure profiles in ileal pouch outlets. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1979;14(6):753–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Halvorsen JF, Heimann P, Hoel R, Nygaard K. The continent reservoir ileostomy: review of a collective series of thirty-six patients from three surgical departments. Surgery. 1978;83(3):252–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Schjonsby H, Halvorsen JF, Hofstad T, Hovdenak N. Stagnant loop syndrome in patients with continent ileostomy (intra-abdominal ileal reservoir). Gut. 1977;18(10):795–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kelley DG, Branon ME, Phillips SF, Kelly KA. Diarrhoea after continent ileostomy. Gut. 1980;21(8):711–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Kay RM, Cohen Z, Siu KP, Petrunka CN, Strasberg SM. Ileal excretion and bacterial modification of bile acids and cholesterol in patients with continent ileostomy. Gut. 1980;21(2):128–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Brandberg A, Kock NG, Philipson B. Bacterial flora in intraabdominal ileostomy reservoir. A study of 23 patients provided with “continent ileostomy”. Gastroenterology. 1972;63(3):413–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Philipson B, Brandberg A, Jagenburg R, Kock NG, Lager I, Ahren C. Mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and absorption in intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoir. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1975;10(2):145–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nilsson LO, Andersson H, Hulten L, Jagenburg R, Kock NG, Myrvold HE, et al. Absorption studies in patients six to 10 years after construction of ileostomy reservoirs. Gut. 1979;20(6):499–503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Ojerskog B, Kock NG, Nilsson LO, Philipson BM, Ahren C. Long-term follow-up of patients with continent ileostomies. Dis Colon Rectum. 1990;33(3):184–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nilsson LO, Myrvold HE, Swolin B, Ojerskog B. Vitamin B12 in plasma in patients with continent ileostomy and long observation time. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1984;19(3):369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nilsson LO, Kock NG, Lindgren I, Myrvold HE, Philipson BM, Ahren C. Morphological and histochemical changes in the mucosa of the continent ileostomy reservoir 6--10 years after its construction. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1980;15(6):737–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nilsson LO, Andersson H, Bosaeus I, Myrvold HE. Total body water and total body potassium in patients with continent ileostomies. Gut. 1982;23(7):589–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Andersson H, Fasth S, Filipsson S, Hellberg R, Hulten L, Nilsson LO, et al. Faecal excretion of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid in patients with conventional ileostomy and in patients with continent ileostomy reservoir. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1979;14(5):551–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Brevinge H, Berglund B, Kock NG. Ileostomy output of gas and feces before and after conversion from conventional to reservoir ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;35(7):662–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kock NG, Myrvold HE, Nilsson LO. Progress report on the continent ileostomy. World J Surg. 1980;4(2):143–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kock NG, Myrvold HE, Nilsson LO, Philipson BM. Continent ileostomy. An account of 314 patients. Acta Chir Scand. 1981;147(1):67–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kock NG, Myrvold HE, Nilsson LO, Philipson BM. 18 years’ experience with continent ileostomy. Chirurg. 1985;56(5):299–304.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kock NG. Continent ileostomy. In: Allgöver Bseryc M, Gruber UF, editors. Progress in surgery, vol. 12. Basel: S.Karger, Basel; 1973. p. 180–201.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Myrvold HE, Kock NG. Continent ileostomy in inflammatory bowel disease. In: Jerzy Glass PS GB, editor. Progress in gastroenterology. IV. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1983. p. 311–23.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hulten L. Proctocolectomy and ileostomy to pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis. World J Surg. 1998;22(4):335–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kiran RP, Remzi FH, Fazio VW, Lavery IC, Church JM, Strong SA, et al. Complications and functional results after ileoanal pouch formation in obese patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2008;12(4):668–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ecker KW. The continent ileostomy. Current indications, techniques and results. Chirurg. 1999;70(6):635–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fazio VW, Church JM. Complications and function of the continent ileostomy at the Cleveland Clinic. World J Surg. 1988;12(2):148–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Jarvinen HJ, Makitie A, Sivula A. Long-term results of continent ileostomy. Int J Color Dis. 1986;1(1):40–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lepisto AH, Jarvinen HJ. Durability of Kock continent ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003;46(7):925–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nessar G, Wu JS. Evolution of continent ileostomy. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(27):3479–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Litle VR, Barbour S, Schrock TR, Welton ML. The continent ileostomy: long-term durability and patient satisfaction. J Gastrointest Surg. 1999;3(6):625–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wasmuth HH, Svinsas M, Trano G, Rydning A, Endreseth BH, Wibe A, et al. Surgical load and long-term outcome for patients with Kock continent ileostomy. Color Dis. 2007;9(8):713–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dozois RR, Kelly KA, Beart RW Jr, Beahrs OH. Improved results with continent ileostomy. Ann Surg. 1980;192(3):319–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Svaninger G, Nordgren S, Oresland T, Hulten L. Incidence and characteristics of pouchitis in the Kock continent ileostomy and the pelvic pouch. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28(8):695–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Parks AG, Nicholls RJ. Proctocolectomy without ileostomy for ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1978;2(6130):85–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Parks AG, Nicholls RJ, Belliveau P. Proctocolectomy with ileal reservoir and anal anastomosis. Br J Surg. 1980;67(8):533–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Kock NG, Hulten L, Myrvold HE. Ileoanal anastomosis with interposition of the ileal ‘Kock pouch’. Preliminary results. Dis Colon Rectum. 1989;32(12):1050–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Trasti H. Urinary diversion via a continent ileum reservoir. An experimental and clinical study. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1978;(49):1–71.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kock NG, Nilson AE, Nilsson LO, Norlen LJ, Philipson BM. Urinary diversion via a continent ileal reservoir: clinical results in 12 patients. J Urol. 1982;128(3):469–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jonsson O, Olofsson G, Lindholm E, Tornqvist H. Long-time experience with the Kock ileal reservoir for continent urinary diversion. Eur Urol. 2001;40(6):632–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Berglund B, Brevinge H, Akerlund S, Kock NG. Significance of the antireflux valve for upper urinary tract pressure. An experimental study in patients with urinary diversion via a continent ileal reservoir. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1992;26(1):29–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Skinner DG, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD. Continuing experience with the continent ileal reservoir (Kock pouch) as an alternative to cutaneous urinary diversion: an update after 250 cases. J Urol. 1987;137(6):1140–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Skinner DG, Boyd SD, Lieskovsky G. An update on the Kock pouch for continent urinary diversion. Urol Clin North Am. 1987;14(4):789–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Skinner EC. Continent cutaneous diversion. Curr Opin Urol. 2015;25(6):555–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nieh PT. The Kock pouch urinary reservoir. Urol Clin North Am. 1997;24(4):755–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hautmann R. Urinary diversion 1989. Urologe A. 1989;28(4):177–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lee RK, Abol-Enein H, Artibani W, Bochner B, Dalbagni G, Daneshmand S, et al. Urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: options, patient selection, and outcomes. BJU Int. 2014;113(1):11–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pycha A, Burger M, Palermo S. Urinary diversion: tailored solutions for individual patients. Curr Opin Urol. 2015;25(5):436–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ghoneim MA, Kock NG, Lycke G, El-Din AB. An appliance-free, sphincter-controlled bladder substitute: the urethral Kock pouch. J Urol. 1987;138(5):1150–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kock NG, Ghoneim MA, Lycke KG, Mahran MR. Replacement of the bladder by the urethral Kock pouch: functional results, urodynamics and radiological features. J Urol. 1989;141(5):1111–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hulten L, Svaninger G. Facts about the Kock continent ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1984;27(8):553–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hulten L. The continent ileostomy (Kock’s pouch) versus the restorative proctocolectomy (pelvic pouch). World J Surg. 1985;9(6):952–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hulten L, Fasth S, Hallgren T, Oresland T. The failing pelvic pouch conversion to continent ileostomy. Int J Color Dis. 1992;7(3):119–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fazio VW, Ziv Y, Church JM, Oakley JR, Lavery IC, Milsom JW, et al. Ileal pouch-anal anastomoses complications and function in 1005 patients. Ann Surg. 1995;222(2):120–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Tulchinsky H, Hawley PR, Nicholls J. Long-term failure after restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. Ann Surg. 2003;238(2):229–34.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Hahnloser D, Pemberton JH, Wolff BG, Larson DR, Crownhart BS, Dozois RR. Results at up to 20 years after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg. 2007;94(3):333–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tekkis PP, Lovegrove RE, Tilney HS, Smith JJ, Sagar PM, Shorthouse AJ, et al. Long-term failure and function after restorative proctocolectomy - a multi-centre study of patients from the UK National Ileal Pouch Registry. Color Dis. 2010;12(5):433–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wasmuth HH, Trano G, Endreseth B, Rydning A, Wibe A, Myrvold HE. Long-term surgical load in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Color Dis. 2009;11(7):711–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rokke O, Iversen K, Olsen T, Ristesund SM, Eide GE, Turowski GE. Long-term followup with evaluation of the surgical and functional results of the ileal pouch reservoir in restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. ISRN Gastroenterol. 2011;2011:625842.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Mark-Christensen A, Erichsen R, Brandsborg S, Ronne Pachler F, Norager CB, Johansen N, et al. Pouch failures following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Colorectal Dis. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Belliveau P, Trudel J, Vasilevsky CA, Stein B, Gordon PH. Ileoanal anastomosis with reservoirs: complications and long-term results. Can J Surg. 1999;42(5):345–52.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Yu CS, Pemberton JH, Larson D. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with indeterminate colitis: long-term results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;43(11):1487–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Borjesson L, Oresland T, Hulten L. The failed pelvic pouch: conversion to a continent ileostomy. Tech Coloproctol. 2004;8(2):102–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wasmuth HH, Trano G, Wibe A, Endreseth BH, Rydning A, Myrvold HE. Failed pelvic pouch substituted by continent ileostomy. Color Dis. 2010;12(7 Online):e109–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lian LF, Dietz V, Remzi D, Shen F, Wu B, Kiran R. Outcomes after conversion of failed Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA) to Continent Ileostomy (CI) in a Single Tertiary Center. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(5):2.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wassmuth HH, Myrvold HE, Bengtsson J, Hulten L. Conversion of a failed pouch to a continent ileostomy: a controversy. Color Dis. 2011;13(1):2–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Kusunoki M, Sakanoue Y, Shoji Y, Kusuhara K, Yamamura T, Utsunomiya J. Conversion of malfunctioning J pouch to Kock’s pouch. Case report. Acta Chir Scand. 1990;156(2):179–81.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Ecker KW, Haberer M, Feifel G. Conversion of the failing ileoanal pouch to reservoir-ileostomy rather than to ileostomy alone. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996;39(9):977–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Castillo E, Thomassie LM, Whitlow CB, Margolin DA, Malcolm J, Beck DE. Continent ileostomy: current experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(6):1263–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Behrens DT, Paris M, Luttrell JN. Conversion of failed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis to continent ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42(4):490–5. discussion 5–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Helge E. Myrvold .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Myrvold, H.E., Hultén, L. (2019). History of the Continent Ileostomy. In: Myrelid, P., Block, M. (eds) The Kock Pouch. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95591-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95591-9_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95590-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95591-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics