Technical Aspects of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Quantitative Computed Tomography for Assessment of Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder of the skeleton which is characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue (Fig. 45.1) with a resulting increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture [2, 3]. Osteoporosis is a major national health problem which affects an estimated 25 million men and women. Osteoporotic fractures cause significant morbidity and mortality for the individual and incur a significant economic cost. Vertebral fractures cause loss of height, pain, and deformity. Hip fractures pose an even more significant risk of death and disability compared to vertebral fractures: of the 300,000 hip fractures which occur every year in the United States, more than 30,000 will die within the first year after the fracture. Most who suffer a hip fracture never fully recover, and many never walk again unassisted. Nearly half will require nursing home care after the fracture. The cost of hospitalization, rehabilitation, and long-term care of individuals who have suffered a hip fracture totals more than $10 billion annually.