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Energy Poverty and Access Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa pp 169–196Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Harmonisation of Regional Energy Regulations

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Part of the book series: Energy, Climate and the Environment ((ECE))

Abstract

In this chapter the author discusses the regulation of the energy markets in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a means of promoting regional energy cooperation. The author explores the role of regionalism in harmonising various national energy regulations. A comparative analysis is employed to discuss the role of national regulatory authorities of various African countries, their scope of duties, and tasks.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Estache, A., Rossi, M.A. and Ruzzier, C.A., 2004. The case for international coordination of electricity regulation: Evidence from the measurement of efficiency in South America. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 25(3), pp. 271–295.

  2. 2.

    ERERA was established by Supplementary Act A/SA.2/1/08 as a specialised institution of ECOWAS.

  3. 3.

    Cameron, P.D. and Brothwood, M., 2002. Competition in energy markets: Law and regulation in the European Union (p. 5). Oxford University Press.

  4. 4.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book).

  5. 5.

    Pérez-Arriaga, I.J. ed., 2014. Regulation of the power sector (p. VIII). Springer Science & Business Media.

  6. 6.

    Kwoka, J., 2008. Barriers to new competition in electricity generation. Report to the American Public Power Association, Northeastern University.

  7. 7.

    The Energy Regulation Board was established under Section 3(1) of the Energy Regulation Act, Cap 436 of the Laws of Zambia.

  8. 8.

    The Electricity Act, Chapter 433 and the Petroleum Act, Chapter 434 of the Laws of Zambia.

  9. 9.

    Section 3 of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No.40 of 2004).

  10. 10.

    The Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006); Gas Act, 2001 (Act No. 48 of 2001); and Petroleum Pipelines Act, 2003 (Act No. 60 of 2003).

  11. 11.

    Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority is established under the Energy Regulatory Act No. 20 of 2004; besides this Act, MERA also operates in accordance to the Electricity Act of 2004; The Rural Electrification Act of 2004 and the Liquid Fuels and Gas (Production and Supply) Act of 2004.

  12. 12.

    Tanzania’s regulatory agency was established under the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) Act Cap 414 of the laws of Tanzania and it is mandated not only to deal with energy but also the water sector.

  13. 13.

    The Lesotho Electricity Act No. 12 of 2002 as amended, Laws of Lesotho.

  14. 14.

    This is a main function for many NRAs such as the Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority under Section 4(g) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

  15. 15.

    Ibid Section 5 (1) (a).

  16. 16.

    Section 4(e) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

  17. 17.

    Section 6(1) of the Energy Regulation Act, Cap 436 of the Laws of Zambia.

  18. 18.

    This duty is well stipulated in Section 4(f) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

  19. 19.

    Section 5 (1) (g) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2007 (Act No. 2 of 2007), Laws of Swaziland.

  20. 20.

    Energy Regulation Act 2004, Laws of Malawi.

  21. 21.

    Section 6(1) of the Energy Regulation Act, Cap 436 of the Laws of Zambia.

  22. 22.

    Section 4(d) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

  23. 23.

    Section 4(f) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

  24. 24.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book) Page 120.

  25. 25.

    Section 6 (3) of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No.40 of 2004), Laws of South Africa.

  26. 26.

    Section 6 (3) of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No.40 of 2004), Laws of South Africa.

  27. 27.

    Section 5 of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act No.40 of 2004), Laws of South Africa.

  28. 28.

    Estache, A., 1997. Designing regulatory institutions for infrastructure—Lessons from Argentina. Public Policy for the Private Sector, 114.

  29. 29.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book) Page 122.

  30. 30.

    Section 4(f) of the Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

  31. 31.

    Estache, A., 1997. Designing regulatory institutions for infrastructure—Lessons from Argentina. Public Policy for the Private Sector, 114.

  32. 32.

    Smith, W., 1997. Utility regulators: Decision making structures, resources, and start-up strategy.

  33. 33.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral dissertation).

  34. 34.

    Communication from the Commission “Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 in the European gas and electricity sectors” COM (2002) 841 final.

  35. 35.

    Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament “Prospects for the internal gas and electricity market” COM (2006) 841 final.

  36. 36.

    Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament “An energy policy for Europe” COM (2007) 1 final.

  37. 37.

    P6_TA (2007) 0326 European Parliament resolution of 10 July 2007 on prospects for the internal gas and electricity market.

  38. 38.

    Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (OJ L 211, 14.8.2009) and Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC (OJ L 211, 14.8.2009).

  39. 39.

    Recital 33 of Directive 2009/72/EC and Recital 29 of Directive 2009/73/EC.

  40. 40.

    Angola’s Regulator Institute for services of Electricity, Water supply and Waste Water Sanitation (HIRSEA) and Lesotho’s Electricity and Water Authority (LEWA) were recently made multi-purpose and as such they regulate both electricity and water.

  41. 41.

    Lavrijssen, S. and Carrillo, A.J., 2017. Radical innovation in the energy sector and the impact on regulation.

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    Hogan, W.W., 1995. Coordination for competition in an electricity market. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

  44. 44.

    World Bank, 2008. Building regional power pools: A toolkit. Technical report. Washington, DC: World Bank.

  45. 45.

    See SAPP Annual Report, 2015, http://www.sapp.co.zw/annual-reports, last visited on 3 October 2017.

  46. 46.

    These include: Swaziland Energy Regulatory Authority (SERA); Electricity Control Board of Namibia (ECB); Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority of Tanzania (EWURA); Energy Regulation Board of Zambia (ERB); Institute for Electricity Sector Regulation of Angola (IRSE); Lesotho Electricity and Water Authority (LEWA); Malawi Energy Regulatory Authority (MERA); National Electricity Advisory Council of Mozambique (CNELEC); National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA); Zimbabwe Energy Regulator Authority (ZERA). The remaining four countries are at various sector reform states that include plans to establish independent energy regulatory agencies. These countries include Botswana, DRC, Mauritius, and the Seychelles.

  47. 47.

    Article 37 (1)(c) of Directive 2009/72/EC.

  48. 48.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book) Page 123.

  49. 49.

    Cameron, P.D. and Brothwood, M., 2002. Competition in energy markets: Law and regulation in the European Union (p. 284). Oxford University Press.

  50. 50.

    Cameron, P.D. and Brothwood, M., 2002. Competition in energy markets: Law and regulation in the European Union (p. 286). Oxford University Press.

  51. 51.

    Ibid. Page 301.

  52. 52.

    Cameron, P.D. and Brothwood, M., 2002. Competition in energy markets: Law and regulation in the European Union (p. 284). Oxford University Press.

  53. 53.

    Cameron, P.D. and Brothwood, M., 2002. Competition in energy markets: Law and regulation in the European Union (p. 301). Oxford University Press.

  54. 54.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book) Page 124.

  55. 55.

    Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book) Page 124.

  56. 56.

    Cameron, P.D., 2005. Legal aspects of EU energy regulation: Implementing the new directives on electricity and gas across Europe. Bonafé Martínez, E., 2010. Towards a European energy policy: Resources and constraints in EU law (Doctoral book): Eberlein, B., 2005. Regulation by cooperation: The “third way” in making rules for the internal energy market. Legal Aspects of EU Energy Regulation, pp. 59–88.

  57. 57.

    These Boards of Regulators are composed of senior representatives of NRAs. See Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators: Organisation, http://www.acer.europa.eu/en/The_agency/Organisation/Pages/default.aspx, last accessed on 3 October 2017.

References

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    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, P. D., & Brothwood, M. (2002). Competition in energy markets: Law and regulation in the European Union. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament “An energy policy for Europe” COM (2007) 1 final.

    Google Scholar 

  • Directive 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (OJ L 211, 14.8.2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberlein, B. (2005). Regulation by cooperation: The “third way” in making rules for the internal energy market. Legal aspects of EU energy regulation.

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  • Electricity Regulation Act, 2006 (Act No. 4 of 2006); Gas Act, 2001 (Act No. 48 of 2001) and Petroleum Pipelines Act, 2003 (Act No. 60 of 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority of Tanzania Act, CAP 414, Laws of Tanzania.

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  • Energy Regulatory Act, 2007 (Act No. 2 of 2007), Laws of Swaziland.

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  • Energy Regulation Act 2004, Laws of Malawi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Energy Regulation Act, Cap 436 of the Laws of Zambia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Energy Regulatory Act, 2011 (Chapter 13:23), Laws of Zimbabwe.

    Google Scholar 

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    Google Scholar 

  • Estache, A., Rossi, M. A., & Ruzzier, C. A. (2004). The case for international coordination of electricity regulation: Evidence from the measurement of efficiency in South America. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 25(3), 271–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, W. W. (1995). Coordination for competition in an electricity market. Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwoka, J. (2008). Barriers to new competition in electricity generation. Report to the American Public Power Association, Northeastern University.

    Google Scholar 

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    Google Scholar 

  • Lesotho Electricity Act No. 12 of 2002 as amended, Laws of Lesotho.

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    Google Scholar 

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  • SAPP Annual Report, 2015.

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  1. Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP), University of Dundee, Scotland, UK

    Victoria R. Nalule

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Nalule, V.R. (2019). Harmonisation of Regional Energy Regulations. In: Energy Poverty and Access Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95402-8_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95402-8_6

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