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Functional Neuroimage

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Topics in Cognitive Rehabilitation in the TBI Post-Hospital Phase

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Abstract

Traditionally, computed tomography (CT) and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have played a crucial role in the acute management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, several challenges arise in applying neuroimaging methods to predict clinical outcome in patients with a broad range of degree of injuries, especially in individuals who develop persistent symptoms despite minor findings on standard imaging.

Novel anatomical/structural techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and functional techniques, including resting-state and task-based functional MRI (fMRI), perfusion MRI, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron-emission tomography (PET), have emerged and have the potential to identify hitherto undetected brain abnormalities in head injury survivors. In this chapter, we review some basic technical aspects of these modern techniques along with their contributions to the understanding of pathophysiology of TBI and their potential use to indicate biomarkers and prognosis. In the future, these modern imaging tools may also aid in selection of patients for targeted therapies.

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Abbreviations

1H-MRS:

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

AD:

Axial diffusivity

ASL:

Arterial spin labeling

BIAA:

Brain Injury Association of America

BOLD:

Blood-oxygen-level-dependent

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

CBV:

Cerebral blood volume

Cho:

Choline

Cr:

Creatine

CT:

Computed tomography

CTE:

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

DAI:

Diffuse axonal injury

DSC:

Dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging

DTI:

Diffusion tensor imaging

FA:

Fractional anisotropy (FA)

FDG:

[18F]fluorodeoxyglucose

FLAIR:

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery

fMRI:

Functional MRI

GCS:

Glasgow coma scale

GLx:

Glutamate/glutamine

Ins:

Myoinositol

Lac:

Lactate

MD:

Mean diffusivity

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MTT:

Mean transit time

NAA:

N-acetyl aspartate

PET:

Positron-emission tomography

PIB:

11C-Pittsburgh compound B

rCBV:

Regional cerebral blood flow

RD:

Radial diffusivity

ROI:

Region of interest

RS-fMRI:

Resting-state fMRI

SPECT:

Single photon emission computed tomography

SWI:

Susceptibility-weighted imaging

T2*-GRE:

T2*-weighted gradient-recalled echo

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TBSS:

Tract-based spatial statistics

WM:

White matter

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine – University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Celi Santos Andrade, Leandro Tavares Lucato, Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel & Claudia da Costa Leite

  2. LIM 44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroradiology, São Paulo, Brazil

    Leandro Tavares Lucato & Claudia da Costa Leite

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  1. Celi Santos Andrade
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  2. Leandro Tavares Lucato
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  3. Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
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  4. Claudia da Costa Leite
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Correspondence to Claudia da Costa Leite .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Renato Anghinah

  2. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Wellingson Paiva

  3. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Linamara Rizzo Battistella

  4. University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Robson Amorim

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Andrade, C.S., Lucato, L.T., Buchpiguel, C.A., da Costa Leite, C. (2018). Functional Neuroimage. In: Anghinah, R., Paiva, W., Battistella, L., Amorim, R. (eds) Topics in Cognitive Rehabilitation in the TBI Post-Hospital Phase. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95376-2_13

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