Abstract
It is customary to refer the expression cognitive science, since the end of the seventies, to all the disciplines that relate to the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. Cognitive science focuses on how information is represented, processed, and transformed (in faculties such as perception, language, memory , attention, reasoning, and emotion) in human and animal minds and machines. Let’s apply these concepts to the analysis of the methods that are developed in the design process. The cognitive theory emphasizes the relationship between design thinking and memory. The tools for memory management are writing and drawing actions necessary to transfer experiences and mental processes to new subjects involved in the design process. Basically, we can say that design is a technical but also a humanistic process because it is related to a human problem solving process. Design in its most effective form is a process, an action, more than an object. It is a protocol for solving problems and discovering new opportunities. Every design process has common elements. Over the last fifty years, methods for understanding the nature of design have been discussed and proposed. While the design processes are distinctive in specific ways depending on the different fields (mechanical, precision engineering, electronic and software engineering, etc.), a common cognitive base of different methods exists.
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Notes
- 1.
Aprioristic \(=\) a priori reasoning, arguments, or principles.
- 2.
The meaning of a descriptive approach is clarified by linguistic: “1. Descriptive grammar: the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. 2. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used” [18].
- 3.
One of the last members of the Futurist generation, 1907–1998, Bruno Munari was among the most inspirational designers of all time [22].
- 4.
Compare this sentence with the previous Cartesian words.
- 5.
This observation is not present in the exact sciences.
- 6.
This is in fact the main message of the method: do not search for new abstract ideas out of context!.
- 7.
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure.
- 8.
Even if Quality has some personal (not-quantitative) value since it is related to human experience, it must be defined, measured and applied.
- 9.
ISO standards are reviewed every five years by the standards committee responsible for their relevance, suitability and effectiveness. A systematic review of ISO 9001:2008 was done according to the general criteria of ISO directives.
- 10.
Clause 7.3 (ISO 9001:2008) or Clause 8.3 (ISO 9001:2015) that integrates the previous one. In the 2015 edition, products and services are totally assimilated.
- 11.
All these types of principles have been progressively called up in the side of the pages, whenever they have been applied.
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Freddi, A., Salmon, M. (2019). Design Methods. In: Design Principles and Methodologies. Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95342-7_2
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