Abstract
Mediterranean destinations that rely on sun and beach tourism—like the Algarve region, south of Portugal—are in a fragile situation. Challenges related to an aging population and climate change (e.g. extreme temperatures and sea level rise) will have consequences on the development of Mediterranean regions. In this context, sea level rise and beach area reduction could have a disruptive impact in these touristic regions. This chapter discusses how a strategy of regional resilience enhancement could allow for a transition and a differentiation from mainstream sun and beach touristic activities to alternative and sustainable types of tourism, such as nature-based and cultural-landscape touring. It outlines a touristic green infrastructure spatial planning approach to reinforce regional resilience as a competitive, cultural and systemic adaptation strategy, diversifying regional development basis overall.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Algarve Tourism Board and Algarve Promotion Bureau. (2017). Algarve tourism. Retrieved from http://www.visitalgarve.pt/visitalgarve/vPT/VivaOAlgarve/
Amelung & Moreno. (2009). Impacts of climate change on tourism in Europe. Seville: European Commission, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies.
APA. (2014). Gestão da Zona Costeira – O Desafio da Mudança – Relatório do Grupo de Trabalho do Litoral. Lisbon: Environment Portuguese Agency.
Assessorato al Turismo – Comune di Rimini. (2017). Rimini tourism. Retrieved from http://www.riminiturismo.it/en/visitors/enjoy-and-relax/beach
Beatley, T. (2000). Green urbanism: Learning from European cities. Washington: Island Press.
Becken, S., & Hay, J. (2007). Tourism and climate change – Risks and opportunities. Ontario: Channel View Publications.
Biesbroek, G. R., Swart, R. J., & Van der Knaap, W. G. M. (2009). The mitigation–adaptation dichotomy and the role of spatial planning. Habitat International, 33, 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.001
Boschma, R. (2015). Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience. Regional Studies, 49(5), 733–751. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.959481
Botequilha-Leitão, A. (2011). Landscape changes in the Algarve region, Portugal (‘85-‘07) – diagnosis, prospective and a proposal for a green infrastructure in the Algarve Coast. International Conference “Green Infrastructure for Biodiversity” Forum Biodiversity. Estoril: Congress Center of Estoril.
Boulding, K. (1997). The economics of the coming spaceship earth. In R. Robert Costanza, C. Perrings, & C. J. Cleveland (Eds.), The development of ecological economics (pp. 3–14). Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bowman, K. S. (2011). Sustainable tourism certification and state capacity: Keep it local, simple, and fuzzy. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 5, 269–281. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/17506181111156961
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2012). Towards innovation in sustainable tourism research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.641559
Cancela d’Abreu, A., Pinto Correia, T., & Oliveira, R. (2004). Contributos para a Identificação e Caracterização da Paisagem em Portugal Continental (Vol. V, pp. 171–218). Lisbon: Direcção-Geral do Ordenamento do Território e Desenvolvimento Urbano.
Casimiro, E., Gomes, A., & Almeida, S. (2010). Climate change strategic plan of Cascais municipality. Lisbon: University of Lisbon Faculty of Sciences.
CCDRAlg. (2006). Plano Regional de Ordenamento do Território do Algarve. Faro: Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento da Região do Algarve.
CCDRAlg. (2016a). Programa Operacional ao Abrigo do Objectivo de Investimento no Crescimento e no Emprego. Faro: Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento da Região do Algarve.
CCDRAlg. (2016b). Algarve – Preparar o Futuro – Diagnóstico Prospectivo 2014 – 2020. Faro: Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento da Região do Algarve.
Ceballos-Lascuráin, H. (1988). The future of “ecotourism”. Mexico Journal, 27, 13–14.
Christopherson, S., Michie, J., & Tylerc, P. (2010). Regional resilience: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, 3–10. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq004
Cyprus Tourism Organisation. (2017). The official portal of Cyprus tourism. Retrieved from http://www.visitcyprus.com/index.php/en/
Demuzere, D., Orru, K., Heidrich, O., Olazabal, E., Geneletti, D., Orru, H., Bhave, A. G., Mittal, N., Feliu, E., & Faehnle, M. (2014). Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multifunctional and multiscale assessment of green infrastructure. Journal of Environmental Management, 146, 107–115. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.025
Denier, L., Scherr, S., Shames, S., Chatterton, P., Hovani, L., & Stam, N. (2015). The little sustainable landscapes book. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme.
Dernoi, L. (1981). Alternative tourism: Towards a new style in north-south relations. Tourism Management, 81, 253–264.
EC. (2010). Europe, the best destination for seniors. Brussels: European Commission.
EC. (2013). Building a green infrastructure for Europe. Brussels: European Commission.
EEA. (2011). Green infrastructure and territorial cohesion. The concept of green infrastructure and its integration into policies using monitoring systems (EEA technical report no. 18/2011). Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.
Enríquez, A., Marcos, M., Álvarez-Ellacuría, A., Orfila, A., & Gomis, D. (2017). Changes in beach shoreline due to sea level rise and waves under climate change scenarios: Application to the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17, 1075–1089. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1075-2017
Fennell, D. (1999). Ecotourism: An introduction. New York: Routledge.
Ferreira, Ó., Dias, J. A., & Taborda, R. (2008). Implications of sea-level rise for continental Portugal. Journal of Coastal Research, 24(2), 317–324. ISSN: 0749-0208. https://doi.org/10.2112/07A-0006.1
Garud, R., Kumaraswamy, A., & Karnoe, P. (2010). Path dependence or path creation? Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 760–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00914.x
Gossling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Ceron, J., & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.002
Haan, J., & Rotmans, J. (2011). Patterns in transitions: Understanding complex chains of change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78, 90–102. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2010.10.008
IPCC. (2013). AR5 – Climate Change 2013 – The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2014a). AR5 – climate change 2014 – Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. (2014b). AR5 – climate change 2014 – Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jiménez, J. A., Valdemoro, H., Bosom, E., Sánchez-Arcilla, A., & Nicholls, R. (2017). Impacts of sea-level rise-induced erosion on the Catalan coast. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 593–603. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1052-x
Karanikola, P., Thomas Panagopoulos, T., & Tampakis, S. (2017). Weekend visitors’ views and perceptions at an urban national forest park of Cyprus during summertime. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 17, 112–121. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2016.10.002
Kourtit, K. (2017). Smart development, spatial sustainability and environmental quality. Habitat International, 68, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.08.001
Liu, Z. (2003). Sustainable tourism development: A critique. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11, 459–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667216
Magalhães, M. R. (2013). Estrutura Ecológica Nacional – Proposta de Delimitação e Regulamentação. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura Paisagista “Professor Caldeira Cabral”, ISA Press.
Michailidou, A. V., Vlachokostas, C., & Moussiopoulos, N. (2016). Interactions between climate change and the tourism sector: Multiple-criteria decision analysis to assess mitigation and adaptation options in tourism areas. Tourism Management, 55, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.010
Monteiro, V., Painho, M., & Vaz, E. (2015). Is the heritage really important? A theoretical framework for heritage reputation using citizen sensing. Habitat International, 45, 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.022
Moreno, A. (2010). Mediterranean tourism and climate (change): A survey-based study. Tourism Planning and Development, 7, 253–265.
Naumann, S., McKenna, D., Kaphengst, T., Pieterse, M., & Ryament, M. (2011). Design, implementation and cost elements of green infrastructure projects. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract no. 070307/2010/577182/ETU/F.1, Ecologic Institute and GHK Consulting.
Nowak, D. J., Greenfield, E., Hoehn, R., & Lapoint, E. (2013). Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community. Environmental Pollution, 178, 229–236. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.019
NRDA. (2010). Green infrastructure: How and where can it help the northwest mitigate and adapt to climate change? Warrington: Northwest Regional Development Agency.
O’Brien, K., & Hochachka, G. (2009). Integral adaptation to climate change. Journal of Integral Theory and Practice, 5(1), 89–102. Retrieved from https://integralwithoutborders.net/sites/default/files/resources/O%27Brien_Hochachka_FINAL.pdf
Oliveira, S., Andrade, H., & Vaz, T. (2011). The cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: A case study of Lisbon. Building and Environment, 46, 2186–2194. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.034
Palekiene, O., Simanaviciene, Z., & Bruneckiene, J. (2015). The application of resilience concept in the regional development context. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 179–184. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.423
Pearce, D. W., & Turner, K. (1990). Economics of natural resources and the environment. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Pelling, M. (2011). Adaptation to climate change. New York: Routledge.
Pelling, M., O’Brien, K., & Matyas, D. (2014). Adaptation and transformation. In J. Birkmann & R. Mechler (Eds.), Advancing climate change and risk management. London: King’s College London.
Prista, P. (2015, November/December 9). Turismo e Alterações Climáticas. Smart cities. Retrieved from http://smart-cities.pt/pt/noticia/turismo-e-alteracoes-climaticas1612
Queirós, A. S. (2014). Turismo de Paisagem. In A. Veríssimo-Serrão (Ed.), Filosofia e Arquitectura da Paisagem, Um Manual (pp. 177–187). Lisbon: University of Lisbon, Philosophy Centre.
R/oddlysatisfying. (2017). R/oddlysatisfying. Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/oddlysatisfying/comments/6bbqpk/parasols_rimini_beach_italy/
Romão, J., & Neuts, B. (2017). Territorial capital, smart tourism specialization and sustainable regional development: Experiences from Europe. Habitat International, 68, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.006
Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., & van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight, 3(1), 15–31. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680110803003
Samora-Arvela, A., Ferrão, J. Ferreira, J., Oliveira, R., Panagopoulos, T., Vaz, E. (2016a, November 7–9). Infraestrutura Verde e Alterações Climáticas: um contributo para a mitigação e adaptação do território às alterações climáticas. In R. García Marín, F. Alonso Sarría, F. Belmonte Serrato, & D. Moreno Muñoz (Eds.) XV Coloquio Ibérico de Geografía. Retos y tendencias de la Geografía Ibérica, 376–381, Murcia: Universidad de Murcia-AGE-APG. ISBN: 978-84-944193-4-4
Samora-Arvela, A., Ferreira, J., Panagopoulos, T., & Vaz, E. (2016b, May 5–6). Tourism and climate change: Mitigation and adaptation in the path of transformation. In: Proceedings of the international congress on interdisciplinarity in social and human sciences. Faro: University of Algarve.
Samora-Arvela, A., Ferrão, J., Ferreira, J., Panagopoulos, T., & Vaz, E. (2017). Green infrastructure, climate change and spatial planning: Learning lessons across borders. II international congress of interdisciplinarity in social and human sciences. Faro: University of Algarve, Faculty of Economics, Research Centre for Spatial and Organizational Dynamics.
Santos, F. D., & Miranda, P. (2006). Alterações Climáticas em Portugal – Cenários, Impacts e Medidas de Adaptação – Projeto SIAM II. Lisboa, Gradiva.
Santos, F. D., Forbes, K., & Moita, R. (2001). Mudança Climática em Portugal. Cenários, Impacts e Medidas de Adaptação – SIAM – Sumário Executivo e Conclusões. Lisboa: Gradiva.
Schott, C. (2010). Tourism and the implications of climate change: Issues and actions. Bridging Tourism Theory and Practice, 3, 319–362. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/ZTAwMHR3d19fMzUxNzQ3X19BTg2?sid=8ecb1d2f-0733-4fee-b04b-c458d3297f6e@pdc-v-sessmgr01&vid=3&format=EB&rid=2
Scott, D. (2011). Why sustainable tourism must address climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.539694
Sharpley, R. (2000). Tourism and sustainable development: Exploring the theoretical divide. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667346
Silva, L. (2009). Casos no Campo – Etnografia do Turismo Rural em Portugal. Lisbon: University of Lisbon, Social Science Institute, Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
Simpson, M. C., Gossling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gladin, E. (2008). Climate change and adaptation and mitigation in tourism sector: Frameworks, tools and practices. Paris: UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO.
Spain’s official tourism portal. (2017). Province of Alicante. Retrieved from http://www.spain.info/en/que-quieres/ciudades-pueblos/provincias/alicante__alacant.html
Sussams, L. W., Sheate, W. R., & Eales, R. P. (2014). Green infrastructure as climate change adaptation policy intervention: Muddying the waters or clearing a path to a more secure future? Journal of Environmental Management, 147, 184–193. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.003
THR – Asesores en Turismo Hotelería y Recreación, S.A. (2006a). Nature-based tourism. Lisbon: Tourism of Portugal.
THR – Asesores en Turismo Hotelería y Recreación, S.A. (2006b). Cultural and landscape tourism. Lisbon: Tourism of Portugal.
TP. (2016). Tourism sector approach in the master plan review – Guidance Guide. Lisbon: Tourism of Portugal.
TP. (2017). Tourism strategy 2027. Lisbon: Tourism of Portugal.
Turismo de Portugal. (2014). Plano de Marketing Estratégico para o Turismo do Algarve. Faro: Turismo de Portugal – Turismo do Algarve.
Turkey Tourism. (2017). Go turkey tourism. Retrieved from http://www.goturkeytourism.com/destinations-turkey/antalya-city-in-turkey.html#
Tzoulas, K., Korpela, K., Venn, S., Yli-Pelkonen, V., Kazmierczak, A., Niemela, J., & James, P. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban áreas using green infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81, 167–178. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
UNWTO. (2008). Climate change and tourism – Responding to global changes (pp. 61–173). Madrid: United Nations World Tourism Organization.
Viana-Barreto, A., Dentinho, A., & Castelo-Branco, A. (1971). Ordenamento Paisagístico do Algarve. Arquitectura, n° 121–122, 4ª série, 123–127.
Voβ, J., Smith, A., & Grin, J. (2009). Designing long-term policy: Rethinking transition management. Policy Sciences and Business Media, 42, 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9103-5
Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable tourism – Theory and practice. Oxford: Elsevier.
Weir, B. (2017). Climate change and tourism – Are we forgetting lessons from the past? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.05.002
Williams, A., King, R., Warnes, A., & Patterson, G. (2000). Tourism and International retirement migration: New forms of old relationship in southern Europe. Tourism Geographies, 2(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166800363439
Wood, K., & House, S. (1991). The good tourist: A worldwide guide to the green traveller. New York: Mandarin.
Zolfani, S. H., Sedaghat, M., Reza Maknoon, R., & Zavadskas, E. K. (2015). Sustainable tourism: A comprehensive literature review on frameworks and applications. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 28(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2014.995895
Acknowledgement
This study was financed by FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology through the PhD grant SFRH/BD/102328/2014. The authors thank the support given by ICS—Social Science Institute, University of Lisbon, CICS.NOVA—Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, New University of Lisbon, Research Centre for Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, University of Algarve, and Laboratory for Geocomputation, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Arts, Ryerson University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Samora-Arvela, A., Vaz, E., Ferrão, J., Ferreira, J., Panagopoulos, T. (2018). Diversifying Mediterranean Tourism as a Strategy for Regional Resilience Enhancement. In: Pinto, H., Noronha, T., Vaz, E. (eds) Resilience and Regional Dynamics. Advances in Spatial Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95135-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95135-5_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-95134-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-95135-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)