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Extraction 2018 pp 2541–2553Cite as

Recycling of Li-Ion and Li-Solid State Batteries: The Role of Hydrometallurgy

Part of the The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series book series (MMMS)

Abstract

Since their commercialization in the early 1990s, lithium -ion batteries (LIBs) have become ubiquitous for powering a myriad of portable electronics. Their usage now extends to the automotive industry and stationary energy storage market. With an average life of 6.2 years and the strong demand, the volume of spent LIBs has increased exponentially, making recycling mandatory. Currently, recycling /recovery of spent LIBs is limited in comparison to all other types of batteries . The current processes focus mainly on the recovery of the most valuable metals such as cobalt and nickel , leaving lithium and phosphate in a low value end-product. It is necessary that new advanced recycling technologies are developed for the recovery of spent LIBs both from an economic and environmental perspective. In this paper, the current R&D status of LIBs recycling is reviewed with the emphasis placed on hydrometallurgical processing opportunities for Li-ion and Li-solid state batteries .

Keywords

  • Recycling
  • LFP battery
  • Process review
  • Hydrometallurgy

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Refers to charging or discharging current rate. 1C corresponds to full charge or discharge in 1 h.

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Acknowledgements

This study is supported by a Hydro-Quebec MITACS Accelerate Scholarship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    François Larouche & George P. Demopoulos

  2. Hydro-Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Kamyab Amouzegar, Patrick Bouchard & Karim Zaghib

Authors
  1. François Larouche
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  2. George P. Demopoulos
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  3. Kamyab Amouzegar
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  4. Patrick Bouchard
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  5. Karim Zaghib
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to François Larouche .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc., Kingston, Canada

    Boyd R. Davis

  2. Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA

    Prof. Michael S. Moats

  3. Rio Tinto Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, South Jordan, USA

    Dr. Shijie Wang

  4. RHI Magnesita, Leoben, Austria

    Dr. Dean Gregurek

  5. BBA Inc., Montreal, Canada

    Ph.D. Joël Kapusta

  6. Extractive Metallurgy Consultant, Kingston, Canada

    Thomas P. Battle

  7. Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA

    Prof. Mark E. Schlesinger

  8. Aurubis, Hamburg, Germany

    Gerardo Raul Alvear Flores

  9. University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia

    Dr. Evgueni Jak

  10. XPS-Glencore, Falconbridge, Canada

    Graeme Goodall

  11. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA

    Prof. Michael L. Free

  12. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Edouard Asselin

  13. University of Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France

    Alexandre Chagnes

  14. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Prof. David Dreisinger

  15. Newmont Mining, Elko, USA

    Matthew Jeffrey

  16. University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

    Dr. Jaeheon Lee

  17. Miller Metallurgical Services Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia

    Graeme Miller

  18. University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Australia

    Jochen Petersen

  19. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Virginia S. T. Ciminelli

  20. Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

    Qian Xu

  21. MetNetH20 Inc., Peterborough, Canada

    Ronald Molnar

  22. Hatch, Mississauga, Canada

    Jeff Adams

  23. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Wenying Liu

  24. SGS Minerals, Lakefield, Canada

    Niels Verbaan

  25. J.R. Goode and Associates Metallurgical Consulting, Toronto, Canada

    John Goode

  26. Avalon Rare Metals Inc., Toronto, Canada

    Ian M. London

  27. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Gisele Azimi

  28. SGS Minerals, Lakefield, Canada

    Alex Forstner

  29. Newmont Mining, Greenwood Village, USA

    Ronel Kappes

  30. Newmont Mining Corporation, Greenwood village, USA

    Tarun Bhambhani

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Larouche, F., Demopoulos, G.P., Amouzegar, K., Bouchard, P., Zaghib, K. (2018). Recycling of Li-Ion and Li-Solid State Batteries: The Role of Hydrometallurgy. In: , et al. Extraction 2018. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_214

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