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Polymers for Food Applications pp 651–691Cite as

Functional Carbohydrate Polymers: Prebiotics

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Abstract

Increasing scientific evidence has identified the correlation among dietary intake, the gut microbiome, and human health. Controlling the microbiome within the human gut through dietary modifications sheds light on novel nutritional strategies and clinical practices in reducing some chronic diseases. The emerging field of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics is associated with the development of nutritional interventions, gut microbiome with positively impact health outcomes. Although there is strong evidence to demonstrate the complex link between gut microbiota and human health, substantial challenges still remain in delivering effective, stable and cost efficient foods with positive health outcomes, building personalized diets based on the gut microbiome profile, and standardizing clinical practices and establishing regulation. Dietary intervention, as a strong applicator, on microbiota and consequently on physiology and immune system, could play significant role in reducing the risk and progression of some chronic diseases including cancer and obesity. In this chapter, the authors focus on prebiotics as functional carbohydrate polymers, including traditional ones of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and galactooligosaccharides (GOS), as well as potential ones of pectin oligosaccharides (POS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS), and glucomannan oligosaccharides (GMOS). To better understand the complex interplay of diet, nutrition and the microbiome in food development, as well as the effects of diet on the diversity of human microbiome, the contents of source, chemical structure, processing, physiological functionalities for each prebiotic will be covered.

Jun Yang is employee of PepsiCo Inc. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo Inc.

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Abbreviations

AX:

Arabinoxylan

AXOS:

Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides

DF:

Dietary fiber

DP:

Degree of polymerization

FOS:

Fructooligosaccharides

GI tract:

Gastrointestinal tract

GMOS:

Glucomannan oligosaccharides

GOS:

Galactooligosaccharides

HMOS:

Human milk oligosaccharides

MW:

Molecular weight

OS:

Oligosaccharides

PI:

Prebiotic index

POS:

Pectin oligosaccharides

PS:

Polysaccharides

SCFAs:

Short-chain fatty acids

XOS:

Xylooligosaccharides

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Measurement Science, PepsiCo R&D, Plano, TX, USA

    Jun Yang

  2. Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA

    Yixiang Xu

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  1. Thermoplastic Composite Materials (CoMP) Group, Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Research in Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), National University of Mar del Plata (UNMdP) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Tomy J. Gutiérrez

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Yang, J., Xu, Y. (2018). Functional Carbohydrate Polymers: Prebiotics. In: Gutiérrez, T. (eds) Polymers for Food Applications . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94625-2_24

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