Abstract
From birth onwards the quality and nature of the primary parent–child relationship plays an important role in a child’s life and has been found to be a key factor in the developmental prospects for the child. The quality of parent–child relationships considerably differs between parent–child dyads and is considered as a broad multidimensional concept with several interconnected elements: (1) the child’s overt interactional behaviors; (2) the parent’s overt interactional behaviors; (3) the parent’s representations of that interaction; and (4) the child’s representation of that same interaction. These concepts can be assessed by various methods. In this chapter, we give an overview of the important role of parent–child relationships and attachment for children’s development, assessment methods and the implications for research, practice, and policy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ablon, B. A., & Bemporad, S. (2000). Child care, parenting, and public policy. In J. D. Osofsky & H. E. Fitzgerald (Eds.), WAIMH handbook of infant mental health (Vol. 3, pp. 1–23). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
Ahnert, L., Pinquart, M., & Lamb, M. (2006). Security of children’s relationships with nonparental care providers: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 77(3), 664–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00896.x
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of attachment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Ammaniti, M., Tambelli, R., & Odorisio, F. (2013). Exploring maternal representations during pregnancy in normal and at-risk samples: The use of the interview of maternal representations during pregnancy. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21357
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Attachment, parenting, and genetics. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 155–179). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Behrens, K. Y., Haltigan, J. D., & Gribneau Bahm, N. I. (2016). Infant attachment, adult attachment, and maternal sensitivity: Revisiting the intergenerational transmission gap. Attachment and Human Development, 18(4), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1167095
Belsky, J. (1997). Attachment, mating, and parenting: An evolutionary interpretation. Human Nature, 8, 361–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02913039
Benoit, D., Parker, K. C., & Zeanah, C. H. (1997). Mothers’ representations of their infants assessed prenatally: Stability and association with infants’ attachment classifications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38(3), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01515.x
Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., Parker, K. C. H., Nicholson, E., & Coolbear, J. (1997). ‘Working model of the child interview’: Infant clinical status related to maternal perceptions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 18(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199721)
Bernier, A., Matte-Gagné, C., Bélanger, M.-È., & Whipple, N. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, 85, 1852–1865. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12236
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic.
Braungart-Rieker, J. M., Garwood, M. M., Powers, B. P., & Wang, X. (2001). Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment. Child Development, 72, 252–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00277
Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (2016). The internal working model construct in light of contemporary neuroimaging research. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 63–90). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Büchi, S., Sensky, T., Sharpe, L., & Timberlake, N. (1998). Graphic representation of illness: A novel method of measuring patients’ perceptions of the impact of illness. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 67(4–5), 222–225. https://doi.org/10.1159/000012284
Burgess, K. B., Marshall, P. J., Rubin, K. H., & Fox, N. A. (2003). Infant attachment and temperament as predictors of subsequent externalizing problems and cardiac physiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00167
Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995). The contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental processes and psychopathology: Volume 1. Theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches (pp. 581–617). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Cassidy, J. (1994). Emotion regulation: Influences of attachment relationships. In N. Fox(Ed.), The development of emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 228–249. Serial No. 240.
Cassidy, J. (2016). The nature of the child’s tie. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: Theory and research. Child Development, 65, 971–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00796.x
Colonnesi, C., Draijer, E. M., Stams, G. J. J. M., VanderBruggen, C. O., Bögels, S. M., & Noom, M. J. (2011). The relation between insecure attachment and child anxiety: A meta analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 630–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.581623
Crawford, A., & Benoit, D. (2009). Caregivers’ disrupted representations of the unborn child predict later infant–caregiver disorganized attachment and disrupted interactions. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30(2), 124–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20207
Crowell, J. A., Fraley, C., & Roisman, G. I. (2016). Measurement of individual differences in adult attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 598–639). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Dayton, C. J., Levendosky, A. A., Davidson, W. S., & Bogat, A. A. (2010). The child as held in the mind of the mother: The influence of prenatal maternal representations on parenting behaviors. Infant Mental Health Journal, 31, 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20253
De Falco, S., Emer, A., Martini, L., Rigo, P., Pruner, S., Venuti, P., … Senese, V. P. (2014). Predictors of mother–child interaction quality and child attachment security in at-risk families. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00898
DeKleyn, M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 637–665). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
DeWolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb04218.x
Drury, S. S. (2012). Maternal sensitivity and attachment: Softening the impact of early adversity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 670–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.003
Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 147–166.
Fearon, P., & Belsky, J. (2016). Precursors of attachment security. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 291–313). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A. M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children’s externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81, 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x
George, C., & Solomon, J. (2008). The caregiving system: A behavioral system approach to caregiving. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed., pp. 833–856). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Glick, J. E., Hanish, L. D., Yabiku, S. T., & Bradley, R. H. (2012). Migration timing and parenting practices: Contributions to social development in preschoolers with foreign-born and native-born mothers. Child Development, 83, 1527–1542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01789.x
Greenberg, M. T. (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 469–496). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: A meta-analytic study. Attachment and Human Development, 16(2), 103–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.883636
Groh, A. M., Roisman, G. I., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Fearon, R. P. (2012). The significance of insecure and disorganized attachment for children’s internalizing symptoms: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 83, 591–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01711.x
Hall, R. A. S., Hoffenkamp, H. N., Tooten, A., Braeken, J., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2015). Longitudinal associations between maternal disrupted representations, maternal interactive behavior and infant attachment: A comparison between full-term and preterm dyads. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 46(2), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0473-3
Hesse, E. (2016). The adult attachment interview: Protocol, method of analyses and selected empirical studies: 1985-2015. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 553–597). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hoffenkamp, H. N., Tooten, A., Hall, R. A. S., Croon, M., Braeken, J., Winkel, F. W., … van Bakel, H. J. A. (2012). The impact of premature childbirth on parental bonding. Evolutionary Psychology, 10(3), 542–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000311
Howes, C., & Spieker, S. (2016). Attachment relationships in the context of multiple caregivers. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 314–329). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Korja, R., Ahlqvist-Bjorkroth, S., Savonlahti, E., Stolt, S., Haataja, L., Lapinleimu, H., & Lehtonen, L. (2010). Relations between maternal attachment representations and the quality of mother-infant interaction in preterm and full-term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.03.010
Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2006). Responsive parenting: Establishing early foundations for social communication, and independent problem-solving skills. Developmental Psychology, 42, 627–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.627
Lee, G. Y., & Kisilevsky, B. S. (2014). Fetuses respond to father’s voice but prefer mother’s voice after birth. Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21084
Leerkes, E. M., Gedaly, L. R., Zhou, N., Calkins, S., Henrich, V. C., & Smolen, A. (2017). Further evidence of the limited role of candidate genes in relation to infant–mother attachment outcomes. Attachment and Human Development, 19(1), 76–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1253759
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & Huth-Bocks, A. C. (2011). The influence of domestic violence on the development of the attachment relationship between mother and young child. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 28(4), 512–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024561
Loman, M. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2010). Early experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 34, 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.05.007
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Atwood, G. (1999). A relational diathesis model of hostile-helpless states of mind: Expressions in mother–infant interaction. In J. Solomon & C. George (Eds.), Attachment disorganization (pp. 33–70). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Parsons, E. (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. In J. Vondra & D. Barnett (Eds.), Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(3), 67–96. Serial No. 258.
Lyons-Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 520–554). New Jersey, NJ: Guilford Press.
Lyons-Ruth K., & Jacobvitz D. (2016). Attachment disorganization from infancy to adulthood: Neurobiological correlates, parenting contexts, and pathways to disorder In Cassidy J. & Shaver P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 667–695). NY: Guilford
Madigan, S., Atkinson, L., Laurin, K., & Benoit, D. (2013). Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 9, 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028793
Madigan, S., Hawkins, E., Plamondon, A., Moran, G., & Benoit, D. (2015). Maternal representations and infant attachment: An examination of the prototype hypothesis. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21527
Main, M. (1981). Avoidance in the service of attachment: A working paper. In K. Immelmann, G. W. Barlow, L. Petrinovich, & M. Main (Eds.), Behavioural development: The Bielefeld interdisciplinary project. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Main, M., & Hesse, E. D. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? In M. Greenberg, D. Cichetti, & M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 161–182). Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Marvin, R. S., Britner, P. A., & Russell, B. S. (2016). Normative development: The ontogeny of attachment in childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 273–290). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Moran, G., Forbes, L., Evans, E., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Madigan, S. (2008). Both maternal sensitivity and atypical maternal behavior independently predict attachment security and disorganization in adolescent mother–infant relationships. Infant Behavior and Development, 31(2), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh
Niermann, H. C. M., Ly, V., Smeekens, S., Figner, B., Riksen-Walraven, M., & Roelofs, K. (2016). Infant attachment predicts bodily freezing in adolescence: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9(263), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00263
Oppenheim, D., & Koren-Karie, N. (2009). Parents’ insightfulness regarding their children’s internal worlds: Assessment, research, and clinical implications. In C. Zeanah (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (3rd ed., pp. 266–280). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Oppenheim, D., Koren-Karie, N., & Sagi, A. (2001). Mothers’ empathic understanding of their preschoolers’ internal experience: Relations with early attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250042000096
Raikes, H. A., Virmani, E. A., Thompson, R. A., & Hatton, H. (2013). Declines in peer conflict from preschool through first grade: Influences from early attachment and social information processing. Attachment and Human Development, 15(1), 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2012.728381
Redshaw, M., & Martin, C. (2013). Babies, ‘bonding’ and ideas about parental ‘attachment’. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31, 1219–1221. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.830383
Sai, F. Z. (2005). The role of the mother’s voice in developing mother’s face preference: Evidence for intermodal perception at birth. Infant and Child Development, 14, 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.376
Schechter, D. S., Coates, S. W., Kaminer, T., Coots, T., Zeanah, C. H., & Davies, M. (2008). Distorted maternal mental representations and atypical behaviour in a clinical sample of violence-exposed mothers and their toddlers. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 9, 123–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299730802045666
Shamir-Essakow, G., Ungerer, J. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Attachment, behavioral inhibition and anxiety in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-1822-2
Simpson, J. A., & Belsky, J. (2016). Attachment theory within a modern evolutionary framework. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 91–116). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment and Human Development, 7(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906
Smeekens, S., Riksen-Walraven, J. M., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2007). Cortisol reactions in five-year-olds to parent-child interaction: The moderating role of ego-resiliency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 649–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01753.x
Sokolowski, M. S., Hans, S. L., Bernstein, V. J., & Cox, S. M. (2007). Mothers’ representations of their infants and parenting behaviour: Associations with personal and social-contextual variables in a high-risk sample. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28, 344–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20140
Solomon, J., & George, C. (1996). Defining the caregiving system: Toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199623)17:3<183::AID-IMHJ1>3.0.CO;2-Q
Solomon, J., & George, C. (1999). The measurement of attachment security in infancy and childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical practice (pp. 287–316). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Solomon, J., & George, C. (2011). Disorganized attachment and caregiving. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Solomon, J., & George, C. (2016). The measurement of attachment security and related constructs in infancy and early childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 366–396). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment and Human Development, 7(4), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500365928
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Collins, W. A. (2005). Placing early attachment experiences in developmental context: The Minnesota Longitudinal Study. In K. E. Grossmann, K. Grossmann, & E. Waters (Eds.), Attachment from infancy to adulthood: The major longitudinal studies (pp. 48–70). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Stern, D. N. (1995). The motherhood constellation. A unified view of parent-infant psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Stern-Bruschweiler, N., & Stern, D. N. (1989). A model for conceptualizing the role of the mother’s representational world in various mother-infant therapies. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10(3), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(198923)10:3
Theran, S. A., Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, A. G., & Huth-Bocks, A. C. (2005). Stability and change in mothers’ internal representations of their infants over time. Attachment and Human Development, 7, 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245609
Thompson, L. A., & Trevathan, W. R. (2009). Cortisol reactivity, maternal sensitivity, and infant preference for mother’s familiar face and rhyme in 6-month-old infants. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 27(2), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646830801918463
Thompson, R. A. (2016). Early attachment and later development: Reframing the questions. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 330–348). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Trevarthen, C. (2005). Stepping away from the mirror: Pride and shame in adventures of companionship Reflections on the nature and emotional needs of infant intersubjectivity. In C. S. Carter, L. Ahnert, K. E. Grossman, S. B. Hardy, M. E. Lamb, S. W. Porges, & N. Sachser (Eds.), Attachment and bonding: A new synthesis (pp. 55–84). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
van Bakel, H. J. A., Maas, A. J. B. M., Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M., & Vingerhoets, A. J. M. (2013). Pictorial representation of attachment: Measuring the parent-fetus relationship in expectant mothers and fathers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-138
van Bakel, H. J. A., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. A. (2002). Quality of infant-parent attachment as reflected in infant interactive behaviour during instructional tasks. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00029
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225–249.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assessing attachment security with the attachment Q sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75, 1188–1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00733.x
Vaughn, B., & Bost, K. (2016). Attachment and temperament as intersecting developmental products and interacting developing contexts throughout infancy and childhood. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed., pp. 202–222). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Verhage, M. L., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R. M. P., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., … Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 337–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul000003
Viaux-Savelon, S., Dommergues, M., Rosenblum, O., Bodeau, N., Aidane, E., Philippon, O., … Cohen, D. (2012). Prenatal ultrasound screening: False positive soft markers may alter maternal representations and mother-infant interaction. PLoS One, 9, e91494. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091494
Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M., Maas, A. J. B. M., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2012). Parental representations: A systematic review of the working model of the child interview. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33(3), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20337
Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637–644. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014
Waters, E. (1995). The attachment Q-set. In E. Waters, B. E. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura (Eds.), Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60, 247–254.
Waters, E., & Cummings, E. M. (2000). A secure base from which to explore close relationships. Child Development, 71(1), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00130
Waters, E., & Deane, K. (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. In I. Bretherton, & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 41–65.
Waters, E., Kondo-Ikemura, K., Posada, G., & Richters, J. (1991). Learning to love: Mechanisms and milestones. In M. Gunner & A. Sroufe (Eds.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 23. Self Processes and Development (pp. 217–255). Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment: Studies in the theory of emotional development. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
Zeanah, C. H., Benoit, D., Hirshberg, L., Barton, M. L., & Regan, C. (1994). Mother’s representations of their infants are concordant with infant attachment classifications. Developmental Issues in Psychiatry and Psychology, 1, 1–14.
Zeanah, C. H., & Smyke, A. T. (2009). Attachment disorders. In C. H. Zeanah (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (3rd ed., pp. 421–434). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no disclosure.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van Bakel, H.J.A., Hall, R.A.S. (2018). Parent–Child Relationships and Attachment. In: Sanders, M., Morawska, A. (eds) Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94597-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94598-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)