Abstract
Social networks influence parenting by modelling what works, persuading their friends to persist when parenting gets tough, teaching knowledge and skills, and by giving emotional support within the context of community and neighborhood. The influences of social networks on parenting are explained from the Developmental Psychopathology interdisciplinary field of human development, and specifically the theories of Urie Bronfenbrenner, Jay Belsky, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and Albert Bandura.
This chapter explores five domains of research connecting social support and parenting: (1) intergenerational transmission of parenting; (2) community and neighborhood; (3) marriage quality; (4) grandmothers; and (5) offline and online friends. Inside these domains, we discuss two overarching mechanisms of how social networks influence parenting: (1) indirectly, family and friends promote the parent’s emotional well-being; and (2) directly, social networks promote parent’s self-efficacy through mastery experiences, social modelling (including conveying knowledge and skills), and social persuasion—embedded in a community of social capital and shared beliefs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ainsworth, M. (1979). Attachment as related to mother-infant interaction. In J. S. Rosenblatt, R. A. Hinde, C. Beer, & M. C. Busnel (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior (Vol. 9, pp. 1–51). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Aubel, J. (2014). Involving grandmothers to promote child nutrition, health, and development: A guide for programme planners and managers. Monrovia, CA: World Vision International Retrieved June 5, 2017, from www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/GrandmotherGuideRGBEnglishWeb%20FINAL.pdf
Baibazarova, E., van de Beek, C., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Buitelaar, J., Shelton, K., & van Goozen, S. (2013). Influence of prenatal maternal stress, maternal plasma cortisol and cortisol in the amniotic fluid on birth outcomes and child temperament at 3 months. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 907–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.015
Bailey, J., Hill, K., Oesterle, S., & Hawkins, J. D. (2009). Parenting practices and problem behavior across three generations: Monitoring, harsh discipline, and drug use in the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1276–1283. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016129
Bandura, A. (2004). Swimming against the mainstream: The early years from chilly tributary to transformative mainstream. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 42, 613–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.001
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Barnet, B., Joffe, A., Duggan, A. K., Wilson, M. D., & Repke, J. T. (1996). Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support in pregnant and postpartum adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 150, 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170260068011
Barnett, M. A., Scaramella, L. V., Neppl, T. K., Ontai, L. L., & Conger, R. D. (2010). Grandmother involvement as a protective factor for early childhood social adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(5), 635–645. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020829
Belsky, J., Conger, R., & Capaldi, D. (2009). The intergenerational transmission of parenting: Introduction to the special section. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1201–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016245
Belsky, J., & Jaffee, S. (2006). The multiple determinants of parenting. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder and adaptation (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 38–85). New York, NY: Wiley.
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55(1), 83–96.
Bernard-Bonnin, A. (2004). Maternal depression and child development. Paediatric Child Health, 9(8), 575–583 PMCID:PMC2724169.
Bernier, A., Matte-Gagné, C., Bélanger, M.-E., & Whipple, N. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, 85(5), 1852–1865. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12236
Bigombe, B., & Khadiagala, G. (2003). Major trends affecting families in Sub-Saharan Africa. In UN (Ed.), Major trends affecting families. New York, NY: United Nations.
Breitenstein, S. M., Gross, D., & Christophersen, R. (2014). Digital delivery methods of parenting training interventions: A systematic review. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(3), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12040
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development (Vol. 6, pp. 187–249). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Buehler, C., & Gerard, J. M. (2002). Marital conflict, ineffective parenting, and children’s and adolescents’ maladjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64, 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00078.x
Cao-Lei, L., Elgbeili, G., Massart, R., Laplante, D. P., Szyf, M., & King, S. (2015). Pregnant women’s cognitive appraisal of a natural disaster affects DNA methylation in their children 13 years later: Project Ice Storm. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e515. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.13
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). The effects of alcohol use during pregnancy. Retrieved April 15, 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/features/key-finding-acer.html
Ceci, S. J. (2006). Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005). American Psychologist, 61(2), 173–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.2.173
Chen, Z.-Y., & Kaplan, H. (2001). Intergenerational transmission of constructive parenting. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00017.x/full
Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. (2006). Development and psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder and adaptation (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 1–23). New York, NY: Wiley Press.
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(4), 597–600. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007318
Corrigan, P., Watson, A., & Miller, F. (2006). Blame, shame, and contamination: The impact of mental illness and drug dependence stigma on family members. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(2), 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.2
Coulton, C., Korbin, J., & Su, M. (1999). Neighborhoods and child maltreatment: A multi-level study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23(11), 1019–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00076-9
Coulton, C. J., Crampton, D. S., Irwin, M., Spilsbury, J. C., & Korbin, J. E. (2007). How neighborhoods influence child maltreatment: A review of the literature and alternative pathways. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(11–12), 1117–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.023
Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (1992). When partners become parents: The big life change for couples. New York, NY: Basic Books. Republished by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Fall, 1999.
Cowan, C., & Cowan, P. (2000). When partners become parents: The big life change for couples. Abingdon Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Cowan, P., & Cowan, C. (2006). Developmental psychopathology from family systems and family risk factors perspectives: Implications for family research, practice and policy. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 530–587). New York, NY: Wiley Press.
Crockenberg, S., & McCluskey, K. (1986). Change in maternal behavior during the baby’s first year of life. Child Development, 57, 746–753. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130351
Davis, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1994). Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 387–411 PMID:7809306.
Duggan, M., Lenhart, A., Lampe, C., & Ellison, N. (2015). Parents and social media. Retrieved March 8, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/07/16/parents-and-social-media/
Eamon, M. K., & Mulder, C. (2005). Predicting antisocial behavior among Latino young adolescents: An ecological systems analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.1.117
Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Papatola, K. (1987). Intergenerational continuity of abuse. In R. Gelles & J. Lancaster (Eds.), Child abuse and neglect: Biosocial dimensions (pp. 255–276). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1988). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Prevention Medicine, 14, 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Freisthler, B. (2004). A spatial analysis of social disorganization, alcohol access, and rates of child maltreatment in neighborhoods. Children and Youth Services Review, 26(9), 803–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2004.02.022
Freisthler, B., & Jack, K. (2015). Understanding the interplay between neighborhood structural factors, social processes, and alcohol outlets on child physical abuse. Child Maltreatment, 20(4), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559515598000
Fujiwara, T., Yamaoka, Y., & Kawachi, I. (2016). Neighborhood social capital and infant physical abuse: A population-based study in Japan. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0047-9
Furstenberg, F. F., Belzer, A., Davis, C., Levine, J. A., Morrow, K., & Washington, M. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In W. J. Wilson (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231–238). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1993). Neighborhood and community influences on parenting. In T. Luster & L. Okagaki (Eds.), Parenting: An ecological perspective (pp. 203–226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers.
Garbarino, J., & Sherman, D. (1980). High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment. Child Development, 51(1), 188–198 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1129606
Gesell, A. (1929). The mental growth of the preschool child. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Ghate, D., & Hazel, N. (2002). Parenting in poor environments: Stress, support and coping. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Gonzales, N. A., Coxe, S., Roosa, M. W., White, R. M., Knight, G. P., Zeiders, K. H., & Saenz, D. (2011). Economic hardship, neighborhood context, and parenting: Prospective effects on Mexican-American adolescent’s mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(1–2), 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9366-1
Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999). The seven principles for making marriage work. New York, NY: Crown publisher.
Gray, M., Misson, S., & Hayes, A. (2005). Young children and their grandparents. Family Matters, 72, 10–17 Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://aifs.gov.au/publications/family-matters/issue-72/young-children-and-their-grandparents
Grusec, J. E. (1992). Social learning theory and developmental psychology: The legacies of Robert Sears and Albert Bandura. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 776–786.
Gress-Smith, J., Luecken, L., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Howe, R. (2012). Postpartum depression prevalence and impact on infant health, weight, and sleep in low-income and ethnic minority women and infants. Maternal Child Health Journal, 16, 887–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0812-y
Grych, J., & Clark, R. (1999). Maternal employment and development of the father-infant relationship in the first year. Developmental Psychology, 35(4), 893–903 PMID:10442859.
Halperin, J. M. (2017). Developmental psychopathology in the post-genomics era – substantial challenges but reasons for hope. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(3), 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12708
Herndon, J. G. (2009). The grandmother effect: Implications for studies on aging and cognition. Gerontology, 56(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1159/000236045
Hosokawa, R., & Katsura, T. (2017). Marital relationship, parenting practices and social skills development in preschool children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0139-y
Jacobson, K. (2009). Considering interactions between genes, environments, biology, and social context. American Psychological Association. Science Briefs Retrieved June 5, 2017, from http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2009/04/sci-brief.aspx
Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Arseneault, L. (2002). Influence of adult domestic violence on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems: An environmentally informative twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(9), 1095–1103 Retrieved June 5, 2017, from, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12218431
Jarrett, R. L. (1997). Bringing families back in: Neighborhoods’ effects on child development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Policy implications in studying neighborhoods (Vol. 2, pp. 48–64). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Jirtle, R. L., & Skinner, M. K. (2007). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2045
Jones, D. E., Greenberg, M., & Crowley, M. (2015). Early social-emotional functioning and public health: The relationship between kindergarten social competence and future wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 105(11), 2283–2290. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302630
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Buffering children from marital conflict and dissolution. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26(2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2602_4
Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 29, 940–950.
Kohen, D. E., Leventhal, T., Dahinten, V. S., & McIntosh, C. N. (2008). Neighborhood disadvantage: Pathways of effects for young children. Child Development, 79(1), 156–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01117.x
Klebanov, P. K., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1994). Does neighborhood and family poverty affect mothers’ parenting, mental health, and social support? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 441–455. https://doi.org/10.2307/353111
Lang, S. (2005, September 26). Urie Bronfenbrenner, father of Head Start Program and pre-eminent ‘human Ecologist,’ dies at age 88. Cornell Chronical. Retrieved May 29, 2017, from www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2005/09/head-start-founder-urie-bronfenbrenner-dies-88
Lawton, L., Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. (1994). Affection, social contact and geographic distance between adult children and their parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(1), 57–68 Retrieved June 5, 2017, from http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2445%28199402%2956%3A1%3C57%3AASCAGD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z
Leerkes, E., & Crockenberg, S. (2006). Antecedents of mothers’ emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress: The role of family, mother and infant characteristics. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27(4), 405–428. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20099
Loston-Williams, C. (2017). Nurse-family partnership international. Retrieved May 30, 2017, from http://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/communities/NFP-Abroad
Levendosky, A., & Graham-Bermann, S. (2000). Behavioral observations of parenting in battered women. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1037//0893-3200.14.I.80
Livingston, (2014). PEW Research Center. Retrieved May 5, 2017, from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/05/21/5-helping-adult-children/
Livingston, G. (2013). At grandmother’s house we stay. Social and demographic trends report.PEW Research Center. Retrieved June 5, 2017, from www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/09/04/at-grandmothers-house-we-stay/
Losoya, S., Callor, S., Rowe, D., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1997). Origins of familial similarity in parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 33, 1012–1023 PMID:9383623.
Love, S., Suarez, A., & Love, M. (2008). Young mothers and babies’ wellness program. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1437–1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.04.012
Love, S., DeBonis, J., Maurange, M., & Knott, T. (2017). Grandmothers count: The silent contributions of grandmothers in promoting child development. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 17(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.17472/LJRHSSVOL17IS1PG57
Love, S., Sanders, M., Turner, K., Maurange, M., Knott, T., Prinz, R., Metzler, C. & , … Ainsworth, A. T. (2016). Social media and gamification: Engaging vulnerable parents in an online evidence-based parenting program. Child Abuse and Neglect, 53, 95–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.031.
Lundberg, M., Perris, C., Schlette, P., & Adolfsson, R. (2000). Intergenerational transmission of perceived parenting. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 865–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00144-0
Luther, S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder and adaptation (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 739–795). New York, NY: Wiley.
Madden, V., Domoney, J., Aumayer, K., Sethna, V., Iles, J., Hubbard, I., … Ramchandani, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of parenting: findings from a UK longitudinal study. European Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 1030–1035. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv093
Marr, B. (2016). Big data: A game changer in healthcare. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2016/05/24/big-data-a-game-changer-in-healthcare/#4b277dd8525b
McCloskey, L., Figueredo, A., & Koss, M. (1995). The effects of systemic family violence on children’s mental health. Child Development, 66, 1239–1261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00933.x
Meisels, S., & Shonkoff, J. (2000). Early childhood intervention: A continuing evolution. In J. Shonkoff & S. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention(2nd). Cambridge University Press Cambridge, Cambridge 3–34.
Melonia, M., & Testac, G. (2014). Scrutinizing the epigenetics revolution. BioSocieties, 9(4), 431–456 Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4255066/
Meltzoff, A., Kuhl, P., Movellan, J., & Sejnowski, T. (2009). Foundations for a new science of learning. Science, 325(5938), 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175626
Minkler, M., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2005). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: A national study using the Census 2000 American Community Survey. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B, 60(2), S82–S92 PMID:15746029.
Musil, C., Warner, C., Zauszniewski, J., Wykle, M., & Standing, T. (2009). Grandmother caregiving, family stress and strain, and depressive symptoms. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 31(3), 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945908328262
Newcomb, M. D., & Locke, T. F. (2001). Intergenerational cycle of maltreatment: A popular concept obscured by methodological limitations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25(9), 1219–1240 PMID:11700694.
O'Hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (2009). Rates and risk of postpartum depression—A meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269609037816
OECD. (2010). SF3.1. Marriage and divorce rates. Retrieved June 5, 2014, from: https://www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_3_1_Marriage_and_divorce_rates.pdf
Parker, G. (1990). The parental bonding instrument. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25(6), 281–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00782881
Perkins, S. C., Finegood, E. D., & Swain, J. E. (2013). Poverty and language development: Roles of parenting and stress. Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(4), 10–19.
Pickles, A., & Hill, J. (2006). Developmental pathways. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 211–243). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Press.
Pinderhughes, E. E., Nix, R., Foster, E. M., & Jones, D. (2007). Parenting in context: Impact of neighborhood poverty, residential stability, public services, social networks, and danger on parental behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63(4), 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00941.x
Prinz, R. T., & Sanders, M. R. (2007). Adopting a population-level approach to parenting and family support interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 739–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.005
PEW Research Centre. 2012 Teens technology and human potential. Retrieved June 5, 2017, from http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/02/29/main-findings-teens-technology-and-human-potential-in-2020/
Quinton, D., & Rutter, M. (1984). Parents with children in care: Intergenerational continuities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 25(2), 231–250 PMID:6707111.
Sameroff, A., & Chandler, M. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. D. Jorowitz, M. Hetherington, S. Scarr-Salapatek, & D. Siegel (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 4, pp. 187–244). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Siegel, D. (2014, June 6). Dan Siegel – CRAZYWISE expert interview. Interview Phil Borges. Retrieve from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZULmalA4WA
Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Conger, R. D., & Wu, C. (1991). Intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting. Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.159
Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Sroufe, L. A., & Fleeson, J. (1988). The coherence of family relationships. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families: Mutual influences (pp. 27–47). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
State University (2017). Developmental theory – Vygotskian theory. Retrieved June 5, 2017, from http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1912/Developmental-Theory-VYGOTSKIAN-THEORY.html
Swendsen, J. D., & Mazure, C. M. (2000). Life stress as a risk factor for postpartum depression: Current research and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.7.1.17
Tansley, S., & Tolle, K. M. (2009). The fourth paradigm: Data-intensive scientific discovery. Redmond, VA: Microsoft Research.
Taylor, S., Klein, L., Lewis, B., Gruenewald, T., Gurung, R., & Updegraff, J. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107(3), 411–429 PMID:10941275
Thompson, R., Flood, M., & Goodvin, R. (2006). Social support and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder and adaptation (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 1–37). New York, NY: Wiley.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the national violence against women survey. Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf
Turner, K. M. T., & Sanders, M. R. (2006). Dissemination of evidence-based parenting and family support strategies: Learning from the Triple P Positive Parenting Program system approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2005.07.005
van Ijzendoorn, M. (1995). Of the way we are: On temperament, attachment, and the transmission gap: A rejoinder to fox. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 411–415 Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/2330/168_158.pdf;sequence=1
Verhage, M., Oosterman, M., & Schuengel, C. (2015). The linkage between infant negative temperament and parenting self-efficacy: The role of resilience against negative performance feedback. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 506–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12113
Werner, E. (1993). Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Development and Psychopathology, 5(4), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457940000612X
Werner, E. (2000). Protective factors and individual resilience. In J. Shonkoff & S. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 115–134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Werner, E. (2005). Resilience and recovery: Findings from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Focal Point, 19(1), 11–14 Retrieved June 5, 2017, from https://www.pathwaysrtc.pdx.edu/focal-point-S05#
Wikipedia. (2017). Data science. Retrieved April 15, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science
Yasnitsky, A., & van der Veer, R. (2015). Revisionist revolution in Vygotsky studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
Zemp, M., & Bodenmann, G. (2018). Family structure and the nature of couple relationships: Relationship distress, separation, divorce, and repartnering. In M. R. Sanders & A. Morawska (Eds.), Handbook of parenting and child development across the lifespan (pp. 415–440). New York: Springer.
Disclosure
The authors declare that they have no disclosure.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Love, S.M., Knott, T. (2018). Social Support and Relationships with Family and Friends. In: Sanders, M., Morawska, A. (eds) Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94597-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94598-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)