Abstract
Ali establishes why Iran was important to British interests and how the British presence shaped Iranian views of Britain. Ali does this by providing an in-depth analysis of the British diplomatic experience in Iran before the 1970s through the Reuter concession, tobacco protests, Iran’s constitutional revolution, the formation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), Anglo-Persian treaty of 1919, the ascent and deposition of Colonel Reza Khan Pahlavi, the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran during the Second World War, the ascent of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Abadan Crisis and subsequent overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh, the general diminishing of British world power post- Second World War and the withdrawal from ‘East of Suez’.
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Notes
- 1.
Morgan, Kenneth, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford, 1997), 455.
- 2.
Clawson, Patrick, and Rubin, Michael, Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos (New York, 2005), 25.
- 3.
Curzon, George, Persia and the Persian Question: Volume One (London, 1966), 480.
- 4.
Keddie, Nikki, ‘Iran Under the Later Qajars 1848–1922’, in Avery et al. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic (Cambridge, 1991), 187.
- 5.
Ibid., 189–190.
- 6.
Ibid., 195.
- 7.
Keddie, Nikki, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, 1981), 275.
- 8.
Hiro, Dilip, Iran Under the Ayatollahs (London, 1985), 295.
- 9.
Sabahi, Houshang, British Policy in Persia: 1918–1925 (London, 1990), 18.
- 10.
Keddie, Roots of Revolution, 83.
- 11.
Ibid., 83.
- 12.
Hambly, Gavin, ‘The Pahlavi Autocracy: Riza Shah 1921–1941’, in Avery et al. (eds.), Cambridge History. Volume 7, 216.
- 13.
Sabahi, British Policy in Persia, 15.
- 14.
Ibid., 15.
- 15.
Ibid., 15.
- 16.
Hiro, Iran Under the Ayatollahs, 295.
- 17.
The National Archives, Kew, FO 371/16077, E2844 (8 June 1932).
- 18.
Hambly, Gavin, ‘The Pahlavi Autocracy: Riza Shah 1921–1941’, in Avery et al. (eds.), Cambridge History. Volume 7, 219.
- 19.
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Answer to History (New York, 1980), 59.
- 20.
Ibid., 68.
- 21.
Ibid., 68.
- 22.
Ibid., 70.
- 23.
Fain, Taylor, American Ascendance and British Retreat in the Persian Gulf Region (New York, 2008), 31.
- 24.
Saikal, Amin, ‘Iranian Foreign Policy 1921–1979’, in Avery et al. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 7, 441.
- 25.
Roosevelt, Kermit, Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control of Iran (New York, 1979), 107.
- 26.
Ibid., 119.
- 27.
Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (London, 1970), 506.
- 28.
Saikal, Amin, ‘Iranian Foreign Policy 1921–1979’, in Avery et al. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 7, 443.
- 29.
Wright, Sir Denis, Interview—British Diplomatic Oral History Project (BDOHP), Churchill Archive Centre, Cambridge, 20.
- 30.
Ibid., 20.
- 31.
Dimitakis, Panagiotis, Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain’s Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East (London, 2012), 135.
- 32.
Beck, Peter, Using History, Making British Policy: The Treasury and the Foreign Office, 1950–76 (Basingstoke, 2006), 194.
- 33.
Ibid., 195.
- 34.
Ibid., 211–212.
- 35.
Ibid., 202.
- 36.
Ibid., 202.
- 37.
FO370/2694, Rohan Butler, ‘HMG Policy in the Relinquishment of Abadan in 1951.’
- 38.
TNA, CAB129/66, C(54)53 (25 January 1954).
- 39.
Fain, American Ascendance, 32.
- 40.
Ibid., 16.
- 41.
Young, John, Britain and the World in the Twentieth Century (London, 1997), 168.
- 42.
In general see Dockrill, Saki, Britain’s Retreat from East of Suez: The Choice Between Europe and the World (Basingstoke, 2002).
- 43.
Fain, American Ascendance, 2.
- 44.
Ibid., 141–142.
- 45.
For a full account see Mawby, Spencer, British Policy in Aden and the Protectorates 1955–67: Last Outpost of a Middle East Empire (London, 2005).
- 46.
Munro, Sir Alan Gordon, Interview—BDOHP, 7–8.
- 47.
Fain, American Ascendance, 180.
- 48.
Ramsbotham, Sir Peter, Interview—BDOHP, 37.
- 49.
Ibid., 38.
- 50.
Ibid., 38.
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Ali, L. (2018). Britain’s Relationship with Iran Before the 1970s. In: British Diplomacy and the Iranian Revolution, 1978-1981. Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94406-7_2
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