Abstract
Women played a central role in nineteenth-century local, national, and global economies because of how they invested their capital. The female investor was familiar to Victorians and widely represented in realist fiction. Both real and fictional women investors complicate models of separate gendered spheres. The history of women’s financial lives is as important as the romance or marriage plots through which their stories are usually told. These arguments challenge more familiar narratives of capitalism and culture in which women’s exclusion is assumed. It thus offers new and revised perspectives on the relationship between finance, literature, and biography.
[A] woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.
—Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, A brief summary, in plain language of the most important laws concerning women: Together with a few observations thereon
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alborn, Timothy. 1998. Conceiving companies: Joint-stock politics in Victorian England. London: Routledge.
———. 2009. Regulated lives: Life insurance and British Society, 1800–1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Armstrong, Nancy. 1987. Desire and domestic fiction: A political history of the novel. New York: Oxford University Press.
Balen, Malcolm. 2003. A very English deceit: The secret history of the South Sea Bubble: The world’s first great financial scandal. London: Fourth Estate.
Barker, Hannah. 2017. Family and business during the Industrial Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beachy, Robert, Béatrice Craig, and Alastair Owens (eds.). 2006. Women, business and finance in nineteenth-century Europe: Rethinking separate spheres. Oxford: Berg.
Bianco, Marcie. 2016. “Equity” is a feminist Wall Street film that finally nails what it’s like for women in power. Quartz, August 30. https://qz.com/768108/equity-is-a-feminist-wall-street-film-that-finally-nails-what-its-like-for-women-in-power/. Accessed 5 Apr 2018.
Bigelow, Gordon. 2003. Fiction, famine, and the rise of economics in Victorian Britain & Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bivona, Daniel and Marlene Tromp (eds.). 2016. Culture and money in the nineteenth century: Abstracting economics. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.
Blake, Kathleen. 2009. Pleasures of Benthamism: Victorian literature, utility, political economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith. 1854. A brief summary, in plain language of the most important laws concerning women: Together with a few observations thereon. London: J. Chapman.
Brantlinger, Patrick. 1996. Fictions of state: Culture and credit in Britain, 1694–1994. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Brontë, Charlotte. 1847. Jane Eyre, ed. Margaret Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
———. 1853. Villette, ed. Margaret Smith and Herbert Rosengarten. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Cain, P.J., and A.G. Hopkins. 1999. Gentlemanly capitalism and British imperialism: A new debate on empire. London: Longman.
Çelikkol, Ayşe. 2011. Romances of free trade: British literature, laissez-faire, and the global nineteenth century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Colella, Silvana. 2016. Charlotte Riddell’s city novels and Victorian business: Narrating capitalism. New York: Routledge.
Coleman, Dermot. 2014. George Eliot and money: Economics, ethics and literature (Cambridge studies in nineteenth-century literature and culture). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colley, Linda. 1992. Britons: Forging the nation 1707–1837. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Combs, Mary Beth. 2005. “A measure of legal independence”: The 1870 Married Women’s Property Act and the portfolio allocations of British wives. Journal of Economic History 65 (4): 1028–1057.
Copeland, Edward. 1995. Women writing about money: Women’s fiction in England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Courtemanche, Eleanor. 2011. The “invisible hand” and British fiction, 1818–1860: Adam Smith, political economy, and the genre of realism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Crosthwaite, Paul, Peter Knight, and Nicky Marsh. 2014. Show me the money: The image of finance, 1700 to the present. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Dalley, Lana L., and Jill Rappoport. 2013. Economic women: Essays on desire and dispossession in nineteenth-century British culture. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. 1987. Family fortunes: Men and women of the English middle class, 1780–1850. London: Hutchinson.
———. 2002. Family fortunes: Men and women of the English middle class, 1780–1850, rev. ed. New York: Routledge.
Delany, Paul. 2002. Literature, money and the market. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dickens, Charles. 1842–1844. The life and adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, ed. Margaret Cardwell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
———. 1846–1848. Dombey and son, ed. Alan Horsman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
———. 1855–1857. Little Dorrit, ed. Stephen Wall. London: Penguin, 2003.
———. 1864–1865. Our mutual friend, ed. Michael Cotsell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Dolin, Tim. 1997. Mistress of the house: Women of property in the Victorian novel. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Draper, Nicholas. 2010. The price of emancipation: Slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Eliot, George. 1857a. Mr. Gilfil’s love story. In Scenes of clerical life, ed. Thomas A. Noble, 65–166. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
———. 1857b. The sad fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton. In Scenes of clerical life, ed. Thomas A. Noble, 3–64. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
———. 1860. The mill on the Floss, ed. Nancy Henry. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.
———. 1871–1872. Middlemarch, ed. David Carroll. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
———. 1876. Daniel Deronda, ed. K.M. Newton and Graham Handley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Finn, Margot. 1996. Women, consumption and coverture in England, c.1760–1860. Historical Journal 39 (3): 703–722.
———. 2003. The character of credit: Personal debt in English culture, 1740–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, Mark, Robin Pearson, and James Taylor. 2011. Shareholder democracies? Corporate governance in Britain and Ireland before 1850. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Froide, Amy. 2005. Never married: Singlewomen in early modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2017. Silent partners: Women as public investors during Britain’s financial revolution, 1690–1750. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gagnier, Regenia. 2000. The insatiability of human wants: Economics and aesthetics in market society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gallagher, Catherine. 1994. Nobody’s story: The vanishing acts of women writers in the marketplace, 1670–1820. Berkeley: University of California.
———. 2006. The body economic: Life, death, and sensation in political economy and the Victorian novel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gaskell, Elizabeth. 1848. Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life, ed. Edgar Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
———. 1853a. Cranford, ed. Elizabeth Porges Watson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
———. 1853b. Ruth, ed. Nancy Henry. London: Everyman, 2001.
———. 1854–1855. North and south, ed. Angus Easson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
———. 1863. Sylvia’s lovers, ed. Nancy Henry. London: Everyman, 1997.
———. 1864–1865. Wives and daughters, ed. Angus Easson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Gissing, George. 1891. New Grub Street, ed. Steve Arata. Peterborough, ON: Broadview, 2008.
———. 1893. The odd women, ed. Arlene Young. Orchard Park, NY: Broadview, 1998.
———. 1897. The whirlpool, ed. Gillian Tindall. London: Hogarth Press, 1984.
Gleadle, Kathryn. 2007. Revisiting “Family fortunes”: Reflections on the twentieth anniversary of the publication of L. Davidoff and C. Hall (1987) “Family fortunes: Men and women of the English middle class, 1780–1850” (London: Hutchinson). Women’s History Review 16 (5): 773–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612020701447848.
———. 2009. Borderline citizens: Women, gender, and political culture in Britain, 1815–1867 (British Academy postdoctoral fellowship monographs). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Green, David R., and Alastair Owens. 2003. Gentlewomanly capitalism? Spinsters, widows, and wealth holding in England and Wales, c.1800–1860. Economic History Review 56 (4): 510–536.
Green, David R., Alastair Owens, Josephine Maltby, and Janette Rutterford (eds.). 2011. Men, women, and money: Perspectives on gender, wealth, and investment 1850–1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Henry, Nancy. 2002. George Eliot and the British empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Henry, Nancy, and Cannon Schmitt (eds.). 2009. Victorian investments: New perspectives on finance and culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Holcombe, Lee. 1983. Wives and property: Reform of the Married Women’s Property Law in nineteenth-century England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Houston, Gail T. 2005. From Dickens to Dracula: Gothic, economics, and Victorian fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hunt, Aeron. 2014. Personal business: Character and commerce in Victorian literature and culture. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
James, Simon J. 2003. Unsettled accounts: Money and narrative in the novels of George Gissing. London: Anthem Press.
Klaver, Claudia C. 2003. A/moral economics: Classical political economy and cultural authority in nineteenth-century England. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Knight, Peter. 2016. Reading the market: Genres of financial capitalism in gilded age America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kornbluh, Anna. 2014. Realizing capital: Financial and psychic economies in Victorian form. New York: Fordham University Press.
Kreisel, Deanna K. 2010. Economic woman: Demand, gender, and narrative closure in Eliot and Hardy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Laurence, Anne, Josephine Maltby, and Janette Rutterford (eds.). 2009. Introduction. Women and their money 1700–1950: Essays on women and finance. London: Routledge.
Lee, Julia Sun-Joo. 2010. The American slave narrative and the Victorian novel. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lootens, Tricia. 2017. The political poetess: Victorian femininity, race and the legacy of separate spheres. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Maltby, Josephine, and Janette Rutterford (eds.) 2006a. Editorial: Women, accounting, and investment. Special issue. Accounting, Business and Finance History 16 (2): 133–142.
———. 2006b. “She possessed her own fortune”: Women investors from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Business History 48 (2): 220–253.
Michie, Elsie. 2011a. The vulgar question of money: Heiresses, materialism, and the novel of manners from Jane Austen to Henry James. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Michie, Ranald. 2011b. Gamblers, fools, victims or wizards? The British investor in the public mind, 1850–1930. In Men, women and money: Perspectives on gender, wealth, and investment 1850–1930, ed. David Green, Alastair Owens, Josephine Maltby, and Janette Rutterford, 156–183. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Noble, John Ashcraft. 1885. Review of “Mitre Court.” Academy, December 5.
O’Gorman, Francis (ed.). 2007. Victorian literature and finance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oliphant, Margaret. 1883. Hester, ed. Philip Davis and Brian Nellist. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
———. 1890. Kirsteen: The story of a Scotch family seventy years ago. London: Everyman, 1984.
Osteen, Mark, and Martha Woodmansee. 1999. The new economic criticism: Studies at the interface of literature and economics. London: Routledge.
Ott, Julia, and William Milberg. 2014. Capitalism studies: A manifesto, April 17. http://www.publicseminar.org/2014/04/capitalism-studies-a-manifesto. Accessed 5 Apr 2018.
Peterson, Linda H. 2009. Becoming a woman of letters: Myths of authorship and facts of the Victorian market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Phillips, Nicola. 2006. Women and business: 1700–1850. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
Poovey, Mary. 2003. The financial system in nineteenth-century Britain. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2008. Genres of the credit economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
———. 2009. Writing about finance in Victorian England: Disclosure and secrecy in the culture of investment. In Victorian investments: New perspectives on finance and culture, ed. Nancy Henry and Cannon Schmitt, 39–57. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rappaport, Erika Diane. 2000. Shopping for pleasure: Women in the making of London’s West End. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rappoport, Jill. 2011. Giving women: Alliance and exchange in Victorian culture. New York: Oxford.
Reed, John R. 1984. A friend to Mammon: Speculation in Victorian literature. Victorian Studies 27 (2): 179–202.
Riddell, Charlotte. (F.G. Trafford, pseud.). 1864. George Geith of Fen Court. London: Frederick Warne and Co, n.d.
Riddell, Charlotte. 1870. Austin Friars: A novel. London: Hutchinson.
Robb, George. 2009. Ladies of the ticker: Women, investment, and fraud in England and America, 1850–1930. In Victorian investments: New perspectives on finance and culture, ed. Nancy Henry and Cannon Schmitt, 120–142. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Robb, George. 2017. Ladies of the ticker: Women and Wall Street from the gilded age to the Great Depression. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Russell, Norman. 1986. The novelist and Mammon: Literary Response to the world of commerce in the nineteenth-century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ryzik, Melena. 2016. Where women run Wall Street. New York Times, July 11, 24, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/24/movies/equity-women-wall-street.html. Accessed 6 Apr 2018.
Sanders, Lise. 2006. Consuming fantasies: Labor, leisure, and the London shopgirl, 1880–1920. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Shanley, Mary Lyndon. 1989. Feminism, marriage, and the law in Victorian England, 1850–1895. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Shrimpton, Nicholas. 2007. Money in Victorian literature. In Victorian literature and finance, ed. Francis O’Gorman, 17–38. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Grahame. 1968. Dickens, money, and society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Steinbach, Susie. 2012. Can we use “separate spheres”? British history 25 years after “Family fortunes”. History Compass 10 (11): 826–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12010.
Stern, Rebecca. 2008. Home economics: Domestic fraud in Victorian England. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Thackeray, William Makepeace. 1847–8. Vanity fair: A novel without a hero, ed. Diane Mowat. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
———. 1853–1855. The Newcomes: Memoirs of a most respectable family, ed. D.J. Taylor. London: Everyman, 1994.
Trollope, Anthony. 1865. Miss Mackenzie, ed. A.O.J. Cockshut. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
———. 1866–1867. The last chronicle of Barset, ed. Sophie Gilmartin. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2002.
———. 1875. The way we live now, ed. Francis O’Gorman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
———. 1876. The prime minister, ed. Nicholas Shrimpton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Vernon, John. 1984. Money and fiction: Literary realism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vickery, Amanda. 1993. Golden age to separate spheres? A review of the categories and chronology of English women’s history. Historical Journal 36 (2): 383–414.
Wagner, Tamara. 2010. Financial speculation in Victorian fiction: Plotting money and the novel genre, 1815–1901. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Walkowitz, Judith. 2012. Nights out: Life in cosmopolitan London. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Weiss, Barbara. 1986. The hell of the English: Bankruptcy and the Victorian novel. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Henry, N. (2018). Introduction. In: Women, Literature and Finance in Victorian Britain. Palgrave Studies in Literature, Culture and Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94331-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94331-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94330-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94331-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)