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Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS): Hydraulic Fracturing in a Thermo-Poroelastic Framework

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Fluid Injection in Deformable Geological Formations

Abstract

Geothermal energy is the thermal energy stored in the earth. Favorable geological settings consist of deep granite covered by a layer of insulating sediments which minimizes heat loss over the time. The key problem stems from the fact that the rock formations which are candidates for geothermal exploitation are located at great depth and that, even if they are locally fractured, their permeability is very low, regarding their economic viability. Indeed, in order to extract the heat, the project consists in artificially fracturing the rock, and next in creating a closed loop. Once at ground level, hot water can be used to generate electricity, or else to feed heat circuits. Heat production is simulated in a thermo-poroelastic framework incorporating a crack propagation model to simulate hydrofracturing processes. Stimulation and circulation tests at the Soultz-sous-Forêts reservoir conducted in 1997 are run in a finite element setting with emphasis on the impedance and efficiency of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs). The particular configuration of a porous medium with two porosities and individual constituent temperatures is also shown to be relevant in the early times of the injection operations in EGS.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Source: http://www.rte-france.com/sites/default/files/2015_annual_electricity_report.pdf.

  2. 2.

    Annual consumption per capita in France in 2015: 476 TWh/66 M \(\sim \) 7.2 MWh, equivalent to a power of 7.2/(365\(\times \)24) MWe \(=\) 0.82 kWe, equivalent to 0.82 MWe for 1000 people.

  3. 3.

    As a matter of comparison, the content of an Olympic swimming pool 50 m\(\times \)25 m\(\times \)2 m is equal to 2500 m\(^3\).

  4. 4.

    http://www.haute-sorne.ch/fr/Vivre/Geothermie/Geothermie-profonde-Haute-Sorne.html (last visit: August 25, 2017).

  5. 5.

    The radial component of the convective acceleration is equal to \(v_r\,\partial v_r/\partial r=(\phi /r)\partial (\phi /r)/\partial r\) with \(\phi =r\,v_r\). If \(\phi =\phi (z)\), this component simplifies to \(-\phi (z)^2/r^3\), and the radial equation becomes nonlinear.

  6. 6.

    The vertical geostatic stress accounts for the apparent mass density of the rock, say \(\rho =n_{r}\,\rho _{r}+n_{f}\,\rho _{f}\) where \(n_{k}\) and \(\rho _{k}\) are, respectively, the volume fraction and the mass density of the constituent k, namely rock or fluid. In contrast, the lithostatic stress which accounts only for the mass of the rock is calculated with the mass density \(\rho =n_{r}\,\rho _{r}\). Unless tectonic stresses have developed significantly in the zone, the horizontal stresses are often assumed to be equal and calculated assuming an isotropic elastic rock formation with drained Poisson’s ratio \(\nu \): under lateral confinement (zero horizontal strain), they scale with the vertical stress via a factor \(\nu /(1-\nu )\).

  7. 7.

    Compare with Fig. 7.26 where the maximum permeability enhancement was obtained at year 1 for the same injection pressure profile.

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    Benjamin Loret

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Loret, B. (2019). Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS): Hydraulic Fracturing in a Thermo-Poroelastic Framework. In: Fluid Injection in Deformable Geological Formations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94217-9_7

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