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Fluid Injection in Deformable Geological Formations pp 1–34Cite as

Energy Production Landscape and Fluid Injections in Energy-Related Activities

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Abstract

The energy landscape is changing in these decades due to several factors, namely the realization that fossil resources are finite, the environmental concerns induced by pollution due these fossil resources, the unclear future in terms of potential and reliable alternative energies, and the increasing world competition due to the economic emergence, today of China, tomorrow of India, and next of Africa. Each of these factors is thought to contribute to increase the cost of energy both at the country and individual levels. Recent and current energy productions worldwide are overviewed, including quantified amounts and trends. Data are listed per country, per capita, or per energy type, highlighting conventional and unconventional resources. Emphasis is laid on the environmental and geomechanical issues associated with fluid injections and withdrawals, subsidence, uplift, and microseismicity. Carbon dioxide sequestration is paid a particular attention. A short account of the technical details of the geological landscape and injection operations of the three main pilot sites that have been tested so far is provided to help discovering the many issues that are posed by carbon sequestration.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The United Nations define the poverty line by the availability of 40 kg of oil equivalent for cooking and 10 kg of oil equivalent for electricity per person and per year.

  2. 2.

    Density of air at sea level and under 15 \(^\circ \)C: 1.225 kg/m\(^3\).

  3. 3.

    *tight rock: intrinsic permeability<0.1 mD \(= 10^{-16}\) m\(^2\).

  4. 4.

    In France, as of 2016, a bonus was rewarded when buying a gasoline powered car that emitted less than 60 g of CO\(_2\) per km. Instead, let us consider an emission rate of 200 g of CO\(_2\) per km by a car that runs for 30 000 km a year, resulting in 6 000 kg CO\(_2\) per year. Therefore 165 000 cars emit about 1 Mt of CO\(_2\) per year. The total emissions of CO\(_2\) in France for the year 2015 amounted to 328 Mt.

  5. 5.

    Tiltmeters can measure changes of inclination as small as \(10^{-9}\) radian: the displacement of a gas bubble modifies the geometry of the contact between an electrolyte and electrodes, which induces a change of electrical resistance. Tiltmeters are more accurate than inclinometers.

  6. 6.

    Global CCS Institute 2011, The global status of CCS: 2011, Canberra, Australia, ISBN 978-0-9871863-0-0, http://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/sites/default/files/publications/22562/global-status-ccs-2011.pdf.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut National Polytechnique, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France

    Benjamin Loret

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  1. Benjamin Loret
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Correspondence to Benjamin Loret .

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Loret, B. (2019). Energy Production Landscape and Fluid Injections in Energy-Related Activities. In: Fluid Injection in Deformable Geological Formations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94217-9_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94217-9_1

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94216-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94217-9

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