Abstract
Dry powders and their delivery devices are an alternative to pressurized metered dose inhalers for the administration of aerosols to the lungs. Use of powders would reduce the necessity of employing global warming propellants; however further developments are needed in the technology required to disperse dry powders as aerosols if there is to be an alternative to pMDI as the primary means of aerosol delivery. For progress to occur the following factors influencing dry powder dispensing and dispersion must be considered. (1) The way in which particles are prepared may influence their subsequent behavioral characteristics. These preparative techniques fall in the general categories of constructive and destructive methods. (2) Specific morphological characteristics of particles such as size , shape, and rugosity may influence their interaction. In addition, particles may interact with each other or with surrounding surfaces. Among the underlying forces giving rise to these interactions are electrostatic, van der Waals, capillary and mechanical interlocking forces. (3) Powder may be dispersed by laboratory equipment, dry dust and fluidized bed generators, or small hand held devices designed for delivery of drugs to the lung. A development program requires selection of optimal conditions for each of these steps in the delivery of drugs to the lungs. The following description of dry-powder production, dispersion in air and particulate interactions discusses some of the difficulties that must be overcome for systems to advance as alternative to MDIs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Carpenter RL, Yerkes K (1980) Relationship between fluid bed aerosol generator operation and the aerosol produced. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 41:888–894
Cipolla D, Shekunov B, Blanchard J, Hickey A (2014) Lipid-based carriers for pulmonary products: preclinical development and case studies in humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 75:53–80
Clark AR, Egan M (1994) Modelling the deposition of inhaled powder drug aerosols. J Aerosol Sci 25:175–186
Clark AR, Hollingworth AM (1993) The relationship between powder inhaler resistance and peak inspiratory conditions in healthy volunteers—implications for in vitro testing. J Aerosol Med 6:99–110
Coates MS, Fletcher DF, Chan HK, Roper JA (2004) Effect of design on the performance of a dry powder inhaler using computational fluid dynamics. Part 1: Grid structure and mouthpiece length. J Pharm Sci 93:2863–2876
Concessio NM, van Oort MM, Hickey AJ (1996) Detachment of excipient particles from planar surfaces by applied impact force. Pharm Res 13:S158
Cordts E, Steckel H (2014) Formulation considerations for dry powder inhalers. Ther Del 5:675–689
Crowder T, Hickey A (2006) Powder specific active dispersion for generation of pharmaceutical aerosols. Int J Pharm 327:65–72
Crowder TM, Donovan MJ (2011) Science and technology of dry powder inhalers. In: Smyth HDC, Hickey AJ (eds) Controlled pulmonary drug delivery. Springer, New York, NY, pp 203–222
Crowder TM, Hickey AJ, Louey M, Orr N (2003) Behavior of particles in a guide to pharmaceutical particulate science. Interpharm/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 77–121
Donovan MJ, Gibbons A, Herpin MJ, Marek S, McGill SL, Smyth HDC (2011) Novel dry powder inhaler particle-dispersion systems. Ther Deliv 2:1295–1311
Dunbar C, Hickey AJ, Holzner P (1998) Dispersion and characterization of pharmaceutical dry powder aerosols. KONA, Powder and Particle 167:7–44
Dunbar CA, Morgan B, Van Oort M, Hickey AJ (2000) A comparison of dry powder inhaler dose delivery characteristics using a power criterion. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 54:478–484
Durham PG, Young EF, Braunstein MS, Welch JT, Hickey AJ (2016) A dry powder combination of pyrazinoic acid and its n-propyl ester for aerosol administration to animals. Int J Pharm 14:384–391
Frijlink HW, De Boer AH (2004) Dry powder inhalers for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert oppin Drug Deliv 1:67–86
Hickey A (2004) Summary of common approaches to pharmaceutical aerosol administration. In: Hickey AJ (ed) Pharmaceutical inhalation aerosol technology. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, NY, pp 385–421
Hickey AJ (2013) Back to the future: inhaled drug products. J Pharm Sci 102(4):1165–1172
Hickey AJ (1993) Lung deposition and clearance: what can be learned from inhalation toxicology and industrial hygiene? Aerosol Sci Technol 18:290–304
Hickey AJ, Ganderton D (2011) Quality by design in pharmaceutical process engineering, 2nd edn. Informa Healthcare, New York, pp 193–196
Hickey AJ, Xu Z (2014) Dry powder inhalers. In: Merkus HG, Meesters GMH (eds) Particulate products—tailoring properties for optimal performance. Springer, NY, pp 295–332
Hickey AJ, Gonda I, Irwin WJ, Fildes FJ (1990) Effect of hydrophobic coating on the behavior of a hygroscopic aerosol powder in an environment of controlled temperature and relative humidity. J Pharm Sci 79:1009–1014
Hickey AJ, Mansour HM, Telko MJ, Xu Z, Smyth HD, Mulder T, McLean R, Langridge J, Papadopoulos D (2007) Physical characterization of component particles included in dry powder inhalers. I. Strategy review and static characteristics. J Pharm Sci 96:1282–1301
Hickey AJ, Mansour HM, Telko MJ, Xu Z, Smyth HD, Mulder T, McLean R, Langridge J, Papadopoulos D (2007) Physical characterization of component particles included in dry powder inhalers. II. Dynamic characteristics. J Pharm Sci 96:1302–1319
Hinds WC (1999) Aerosol technology properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 1998
Israelachvili J (1991) Intermolecular and surface forces. Academic Press, London
Kigali Climate Change Agreement (2015) Nations fighting powerful refrigerant that warms planet reach landmark deal. New York Times, October 2015
Longest PW, Walenga RL, Son J-Y, Hindle M (2013) High efficiency generation and delivery of aerosols through nasal cannula during non-invasive ventilation. JAMPDD 26:266–279
Louey MD, Van Oort M, Hickey AJ (2006) Standardized entrainment tubes for the evaluation of pharmaceutical dry powder dispersion. J Aerosol Sci 37:1520–1531
Masters K (1991) Spray drying handbook. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, England, pp 1–35
Molina MJ, Rowland FS (1974) Stratospheric sink for chorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature 249:810–812
Podczeck F (1998) Particle-particle adhesion in pharmaceutical powder handling. Imperial College Press, London, UK
Ranade MB (1987) Adhesion and removal of fine particles on surfaces. Aerosol Sci Tech 7:161–176
Rasmeijer F, Lexmond AJ, Maarten V, Hagedoorn P, Hickey AJ, Frijlink HW, de Boer AH (2014) New mechanisms to explain the effects of added lactose fines on the dispersion performance of adhesive mixtures for inhalation. PLoS ONE 9:1
Rietema K (1991) Theoretical derivation of interparticle forces. In: The dynamics of fine powders. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, pp 65–91
Rumpf H (1990) Particle Technology. Chapman and Hall, New York
Selvam P, Marek S, Truman CR, McNair D, Smyth HDC (2011) Micronized drug adhesion and detachment from surfaces: effect of loading conditions. Aerosol Sci Tech 45:81–87
Soltani M, Ahmadi G, Bayer RG, Gaynes MA (1995) Particle detachment mechanisms from rough surfaces under substrate acceleration. J Adhesion Sci Technol 9:453–473
Teague SV, Veranth JM, Aust AE, Pinkerton KE (2007) Dust generator for inhalation studies with limited amounts of archived materials. Aerosol Sci Technol 39:85–91
Telko M, Hickey AJ (2005) Dry powder inhaler formulation. Respir Care 50:1209–1227
Telko MJ, Hickey AJ (2014) Aerodynamic and electrostatic properties of model dry powder aerosols: a comprehensive study of formulation factors. AAPS PharmSciTech 15(6):1378–1397
Telko MJ, Kujanpaa J, Hickey AJ (2007) Investigation of triboelectric charging in dry powder inhalers using electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI). Int J Pharm 336:352–360
US DHHS, FDA (2009) Guidance for industry, Q8(R2) Pharmaceutical development
Vehring R (2007) Pharmaceutical particle engineering via spray drying. Pharm Res 25:1000–1022
Zafar U, Hare C, Hassanpou A, Ghadiri M (2014) Drop test: a new method to measure the particle adhesion force. Powder Technol 264:236–241
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Drs. Neville Concessio, Michiel Van Oort and Robert Platz who contributed to a paper published in Pharmaceutical Technology in 1994 from which the structure of this chapter was developed.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hickey, A.J. (2018). Fundamentals of Dry Powder Inhaler Technology. In: Merkus, H., Meesters, G., Oostra, W. (eds) Particles and Nanoparticles in Pharmaceutical Products. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 29. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94174-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94174-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-94173-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-94174-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)