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Hermaphrodites, Dwarf Males, and Females: Evolutionary Transitions of Sexual Systems in Barnacles

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Transitions Between Sexual Systems

Abstract

Ever since Darwin (A monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia. The Ray Society, 1851), the diverse array of sexual systems in barnacles and rich transitions between them have attracted researchers. Here, I review recent theoretical and empirical studies on barnacle sexuality. First, the distribution of sexual systems among barnacles (in the broadest sense) is explained. Next, I introduce the concept of “the barnacle prototype” to explain the pattern of sexual systems and their transitions. Sex allocation theory and its extensions follow, and resource allocation model is explained to integrate sex allocation and life history models. The empirical evidence, both from phylogenetic comparisons and intraspecific studies, is reviewed. Lastly, I summarize knowns and unknowns about barnacle sexuality. Most likely, barnacles will provide topics for further study on the diversity and unifying theory of sexual systems.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note: Although Darwin himself gave different terminology for males on hermaphrodites (“complemental males”) and those on females (“dwarf males”), in this chapter, I call both types “dwarf males” following recent literature (Høeg 1995a; Yusa et al. 2012, 2013) because these males are often morphologically indistinguishable and the males on hermaphrodites exist not to “complement” the reproduction of hermaphrodites but to maximize the males’ own fitness.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Jens T. Høeg, Eric Charnov, Yoh Iwasa, Kota Sawada, and Sachi Yamaguchi for their continuous intellectual input on my thoughts and Janet L. Leonard for her long-lasting friendship and guidance.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan

    Yoichi Yusa

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  1. Yoichi Yusa
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Correspondence to Yoichi Yusa .

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  1. Joseph M. Long Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Janet L. Leonard

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Yusa, Y. (2018). Hermaphrodites, Dwarf Males, and Females: Evolutionary Transitions of Sexual Systems in Barnacles. In: Leonard, J. (eds) Transitions Between Sexual Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94139-4_8

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