Abstract
The American healthcare system has become a massive subsidy of Big Business. The USA spends at least twice what the UK and France pay for healthcare per capita, yet in terms of longevity, access, and affordability, the USA ranks last, leading only in cost. A Commonwealth study in 2014 ranked the UK healthcare system the best among the twelve nations it studied, but it also found that as the Coalition government has privatized some of the corners of the National Health Service (NHS), it has diminished its effectiveness. Using for-profit health insurers instead of relying on nonprofits and refusing single-payer systems in which the state insures the entire population is costing America about a half trillion dollars or more annually. Meanwhile, drug companies have routinely used the patent system to limit competition and to create monopolies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Anderson, Richard. “Pharmaceutical Industry Gets High on Fat Profits.” BBC News, November 6, 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-28212223.
Angell, Marcia. The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It. New York: Random House, 2005.
Arno, Peter S., and Michael H. Davis. “Why Don’t We Enforce Existing Drug Price Controls?” Tulane Law Review 75, no. 3 (January 2001): 631–93. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol13/papers.cfm?abstract_id243040.
Baker, Allan, Justine Fitzpatrick, and Bobbie Jacobson. Capital Concerns: Comparing London’s Health Challenges with England’s Largest Cities. London: London Health Observatory, 2012. www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=118051.
Baker, Dean. “Firefighters and Prescription Drugs.” Truthout Blog, Center for Economic Policy and Research, June 2, 2008. http://truthout.org/archive/component/k2/item/78463:firefighters-and-prescription-drugs.
Baker, Dean. The Savings from an Efficient Medicare Prescription Drug Plan. Washington, DC: Center for Policy Research, 2006. http://cepr.net/documents/efficient_medicare_2006_01.pdf.
BBC News. “Life Expectancy Rises Again, ONS Says,” October 10, 2011. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-15372869.
Blane, David, and Graham Watt. GP Experience of the Impact of Austerity on Patients and General Practices in Very Deprived Areas. Glasgow, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_232766_en.pdf.
Brody, Howard. Hooked: Ethics, the Medical Profession and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008.
Bussel, Reinhard, and Miriam Blumel. “Germany: Health System in Review.” Health Systems in Transition 16, no. 2 (2014). http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/255932/HiT-Germany.pdf?ua=1.
Chapin, Christy Ford. Ensuring America’s Health: The Public Creation of the Corporate Healthcare System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Chapin, Christy Ford. “How Did Healthcare Get to Be Such a Mess?” New York Times, June 19, 2017.
Child Poverty Action Group. Welfare Reform: What It Means for Families at Risk of Poverty. London: CPAG, 2012. http://www.cpag.org.uk/sites/default/files/CPAG_factsheet_the%20cuts_May13.pdf.
Clover, Ben. “Three Trusts End Capita HR Contracts.” Health Service Journal, September 30, 2014. https://www.hsj.co.uk/home/three-trusts-end-capita-hr-contracts/5075278.article.
Commonwealth Fund. “US Health System Ranks Last Among Eleven Countries in Measures of Access, Equity, Quality, Efficiency, and Healthy Lives.” June 16, 2014. www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/press-releases/2014/jun/us-health-system-ranks-last.
Congressional Budget Office. March 2016 Medicare Baseline. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, 2016. https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/recurringdata/51302-2016-03-medicare.pdf.
Congressional Budget Office. Medicare Baseline by Fiscal Year. Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, March 24, 2016. https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/51302-2016-03-Medicare.pdf.
Davis, Karen, Kristof Stremikis, David Squires, and Cathy Schoen. Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U.S. Healthcare System Compares Internationally. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, June 2014. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/fund-report/2014/jun/1755_davis_mirror_mirror_2014.pdf.
Dorling, Danny. In Place of Fear: Narrowing Health Inequalities. London: Center for Labor and Social Studies (CLASS), May 21, 2013. http://classonline.org.uk/docs/2013_05_Think_piece_In_Place_of_Fear_(Danny_Dorling).pdf.
Dorling, Danny. Inequality and the 1 Percent. London: Verso, 2014.
Dorling, Danny. Injustice: Why Social Inequality Still Persists. Revised edition. Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2015.
Dowler, Crispin. “Trusts Exit from Capita HR Contract.” Health Service Journal, June 18, 2014. https://www.hsj.co.uk/finance-and-efficiency/trusts-exodus-from-capita-hr-contract/5072024.article.
Else, Liz. “Inequality: Of Wealth and Health: The Rising Affluence of the 1 Percent May Not only Mean There Is Less for Everyone Else. What Does Inequality Mean for Your Health? Special Report on Inequality.” New Scientist, July 28, 2012. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528752-400-inequality-of-wealth-and-health/.
Goozner, Merrill. The $800 Million Pill: The Truth Behind the Cost of New Drugs. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Gøtzsche, Peter C. Deadly Medicines and Organized Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press: Taylor and Francis Group, 2013.
Harris, Gardiner. “As a Patent Expires, Drug Firm Lines Up Pricey Alternative.” Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2002.
Harris, Gardiner. “Two Fronts in Heartburn Battle.” New York Times, August 20, 2003.
Henry K. Kaiser Foundation. “New Kaiser/New York Times Survey Finds One in Five Working-Age Americans with Health Insurance Report Problems Paying Medical Bills,” January 5, 2016. http://www.kff.org/health-costs/press-release/new-kaisernew-york-times-survey-finds-one-in-five-working-age-americans-with-health-insurance-report-problems-paying-medical-bills.
Himmelstein, David, and Steffie Woolhandler. “The Bureaucratic Waste of ACA Quantified: The Post-launch Problem: The Affordable Care Act’s Persistently High Administrative Costs.” Health Affairs Blog, May 27, 2015. http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/05/27/the-post-launch-problem-the-affordable-care-acts-persistently-high-administrative-costs.
Hirschler, Ben. “Exclusive—Transatlantic Divide: How US Pays Three Times More for Drugs.” Reuters, October 12, 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pharmaceuticals-usa-comparison-idUSKCN0S61KU20151012.
IMF. “World Economic Outlook Database,” http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/overview-eng.pdf.
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. “Healthcare Access and Quality Index Based On Mortality from Causes Amenable to Personal Healthcare in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2015: A Novel Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015,” Lancet 390, no. 10091 (July 17, 2015): 231–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30818-8.
Jiwani, Aliya, David Himmelstein, Stefiie Woolhandler, and James G. Kahn. “Billing and Insurance-Related Administrative Costs in United States’ Healthcare: Synthesis of Micro-Costing Evidence.” BMC Health Services Research, no. 14 (2014): 1–6. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12913-014-0556-7?site=bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com.
Johnston, David Cay. Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense (and Stick You with the Bill). New York: Penguin Group—Portfolio, 2008.
Kantarjian, Hagop. “The Price of Drugs for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A Reflection of the Unsustainable Prices of Cancer Drugs: From the Perspective of a Large Group of CML Experts,” Blood, First Edition Paper, prepublished online April 25, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-03-490003.
Khazan, Olga. “Why Americans Are Drowning in Medical Debt.” Atlantic Magazine, October 8, 2014. http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/10/why-americans-are-drowning-in-medical-debt/381163/.
Light, Donald W., and Joel R. Lexchin. “Pharmaceutical Research and Development: What Do We Get for All That Money?” BMJ (British Medical Journal) 345 (August 11, 2012): 22–24. http://www.bmj.com/bmj/section-pdf/187604?path=/bmj/345/7869/Analysis.full.pdf.
Lowe, Derek. “Martin Shkreli Has One Idea, and It’s a Bad One.” Science Translational Medicine, September 21, 2015. http://blogs.sciencemag.org/pipeline/archives/2015/09/21/martin-shkreli-has-one-idea-and-its-a-bad-one.
Mazzucato, Mariana. The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Myths in Risk and Innovation. Revised Edition. New York: Public Affairs, 2015.
Mendick, Robert, Laura Donnelly, and Ashley Kirk. “The PFI Hospitals Are Costing NHS £2 Billion Every Year.” Daily Telegraph, July 18, 2015.
Mintzberg, Henry. “Patent Nonsense: Evidence Tells of an Industry Out of Social Control.” CMAJ 175, no. 4 (August 15, 2006). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1534100/.
Moynihan, Ray, and Alan Cassels. Selling Sickness: How the World’s Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies Are Turning Us All into Patients. New York: Nation Books, 2005.
Mulholland, Hélène. “David Cameron Axes Equality Assessments in War on ‘Red Tape’.” Guardian, November 19, 2012.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Country Statistical Profiles: Key Tables from OECD. Paris: OECD, 2017. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/191100301e1t013.pdf?expires=1500225822&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=BCB10C83C4267695F3732C35249B3F25.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Income Inequality.” data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Poverty Rates.” https://data.oecd.org/inequality/poverty-rate.htm#indicator-chart.
Owen, J. “Crippling PFI Deals Leave Britain £222 Billion in Debt.” Independent on Sunday, April 12, 2015.
Pear, Robert. “Bill to Let Medicare Negotiate Drug Prices is Blocked.” New York Times, April 18, 2007.
Pew Charitable Trusts. “Persuading the Prescribers: Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing and Its Influence on Physicians and Patients,” November 11, 2013. http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2013/11/11/persuading-the-prescribers-pharmaceutical-industry-marketing-and-its-influence-on-physicians-and-patients.
Pollack, Andrew, and Matthew Goldstein. “Martin Shkreli All But Gloated Over Huge Drug Increases, Memos Show.” New York Times, February 2, 2016.
Porter, Wendell. “No, Obamacare Is Not Killing the Insurance Industry.” Wendell Porter Blog. https://www.healthinsurance.org/blog/2016/03/01/no-obamacare-isnt-killing-the-insurance-industry/.
Press, Eyal, and Jennifer Washburn. “The Kept University,” Atlantic Monthly, March, 2000, 39. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/03/the-kept-university/306629/.
Reich, Robert B. Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015.
Relman, Arnold S., and Marcia Angell. “America’s Other Drug Problem: How the Drug Industry Distorts Medicine and Politics,” The New Republic 227, no. 25 (December 2002): 27–41.
Rockoff, Jonathan D., and Ed Silverman. “Pharmaceutical Companies Buy Rivals’ Drugs, Then Jack Up the Prices.” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2015. http://www.wsj.com/articles/pharmaceutical-companies-buy-rivals-drugs-then-jack-up-the-prices-143009643.
Rosenthal, Elizabeth. “How the High Cost of Medical Care Is Affecting Americans.” New York Times, December 18, 2014.
Rosenthal, Elizabeth. “Paying Till It Hurts: A Case Study in High Costs, the $2.7 Trillion Medical Bill.” New York Times, June 1, 2013.
Rosenthal, Elizabeth. “The Price of Prevention: Vaccine Costs Are Soaring.” New York Times, July 2, 2014.
Sanger-Katz, Margot. “Signs of a Decline in Financial Distress Connected to Medical Bills.” New York Times, January 15, 2015.
Saperstein, Tess. “Medicated Monopolies.” Harvard Political Review, December 10, 2015. http://harvardpolitics.com/covers/medicated-monopolies/.
Silverstein, Stuart. “This Is Why Your Drug Prescriptions Cost So Damn Much.” Mother Jones, October 21, 2016. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/drug-industry-pharmaceutical-lobbyists-medicare-part-d-prices.
Smith, A. Gordon. “Price Gouging and the Dangerous New Breed of Pharma Companies,” Harvard Business Review, July 6, 2016. https://hbr.org/2016/07/price-gouging-and-the-dangerous-new-breed-of-pharma-companies.
Squires, David, and C. Anderson, US Healthcare from a Global Perspective: Spending, Use of Services, Prices and Health in 13 Countries. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, October, 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Squires%20D%BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26591905.
Standing, Guy. The Corruption of Capitalism: Why Rentiers Thrive and Work Does Not Pay. London: Biteback Publishing, 2016.
Steinbrook, Robert. “The NIH Stimulus—The Recovery Act and Biomedical Research.” New England Journal of Medicine 360 (March 12, 2009). http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp0900665.
Stevens, Ashley J., Jonathan J. Jensen, and Katrin Wyller, et al. “The Role of Public-Sector Research in the Discovery of Drugs and Vaccines.” New England Journal of Medicine, February 10, 2011. http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMsa1008268.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future. New York: W.W. Norton, 2013.
UK Department of Health. “Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme.” December 21, 2015. https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Lords/2015-12-21/HLWS435/.
US Federal Trade Commission. Generic Drug Entry Prior to Patent Expiration: An FTC Study. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission, July 2002. www.ftc.gov.os/2002/07/genericdrugstudy.pdf.
US Senate, Office of the Chairman, Connie Mack. The Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH. Washington, DC: US Senate, May 2000. http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/2008/nih_research_benefits.pdf.
Weigel, David. “Max Baucus, Once a Foe of Single-Payer Healthcare, Belatedly Endorses It.” Washington Post, September 8, 2017.
Whelan, David. “Obamacare Could Cause Nonprofit Hospitals to Lose Their Tax-Exempt Status.” Forbes Magazine, September 17, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidwhelan/2012/09/17/obamacare-could-cause-nonprofit-hospitals-to-lose-their-tax-exempt-status-heres-how/#5b379e9217d3.
World Bank. “Health Expenditure Per Capita, 1995–2014.” http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Luzkow, J.L. (2018). The Business of Healthcare. In: Monopoly Restored. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93994-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93994-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93993-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93994-0
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)