Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trust in an Autonomously Driven Simulator and Vehicle Performing Maneuvers at a T-Junction with and Without Other Vehicles

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation (AHFE 2018)

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 786))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology is developing rapidly. Level 3 automation assumes the user might need to respond to requests to retake control. Levels 4 (high automation) and 5 (full automation) do not require human monitoring of the driving task or systems [1]: the AV handles driving functions and makes decisions based on continuously updated information. A gradual switch in the role of the human within the vehicle from active controller to passive passenger comes with uncertainty in terms of trust, which will likely be a key barrier to acceptability, adoption and continued use [2]. Few studies have investigated trust in AVs and these have tended to use driving simulators with Level 3 automation [3, 4]. The current study used both a driving simulator and autonomous road vehicle. Both were operating at Level 3 autonomy although did not require intervention from the user; much like Level 4 systems. Forty-six participants completed road circuits (UK-based) with both platforms. Trust was measured immediately after different types of turns at a priority T-junction, increasing in complexity: e.g., driving left or right out of a T-junction; turning right into a T-junction; presence of oncoming/crossing vehicles. Trust was high across platforms: higher in the simulator for some events and higher in the road AV for others. Generally, and often irrespective of platform, trust was higher for turns involving an oncoming/crossing vehicle(s) than without traffic, possibly because the turn felt more controlled as the simulator and road AVs always yielded, resulting in a delayed maneuver. We also found multiple positive relationships between trust in automation and technology, and trust ratings for most T-junction turn events across platforms. The assessment of trust was successful and the novel findings are important to those designing, developing and testing AVs with users in mind. Undertaking a trial of this scale is complex and caution should be exercised about over-generalizing the findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. SAE International: U.S. Department of transportation’s new policy on automated vehicles adopts SAE International’s levels of automation for defining driving automation in on-road motor vehicles (2016). https://www.sae.org/news/3544

  2. Lee, J.D., See, K.A.: Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum. Factors 46(1), 50–80 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Abe, G., Sato, K., Itoh, M.: Driver’s trust in automated driving when passing other traffic objects. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp. 897–902. IEEE (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gold, C., Körber, M., Hohenberger, C., Lechner, D., Bengler, K.: Trust in automation–before and after the experience of take-over scenarios in a highly automated vehicle. Procedia Manufact. 3, 3025–3032 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Silberg, G., Wallace, R., Matuszak, G., Plessers, J., Brower, C., Subramanian, D.: Self-driving cars: the next revolution. White paper, KPMG LLP & Center of Automotive Research, p. 36 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Morgan, P.L., Alford, C., Williams, C., Parkhurst, G., Pipe, T.: Manual takeover and handover of a simulated fully autonomous vehicle within urban and extra-urban settings. In: 8th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics – Human Factors in Transportation, pp. 760–771. Springer (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bainbridge, L.: Ironies of automation. In: Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man–Machine Systems, pp. 129–135 (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Chambers, A.B., Nagel, D.C.: Pilots of the future: human or computer? Commun. ACM 28(11), 1187–1199 (1985)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hancock, P.A., Parasuraman, R.: Human factors and safety in the design of intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS). J. Saf. Res. 23(4), 181–198 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wiener, E.L., Curry, R.E.: Flight-deck automation: promises and problems. Ergonomics 23(10), 995–1011 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Parasuraman, R., Riley, V.: Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum. Factors 39(2), 230–253 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B., Wickens, C.D.: Situation awareness, mental workload, and trust in automation: viable, empirically supported cognitive engineering constructs. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Making 2(2), 140–160 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Endsley, M.R.: From here to autonomy: lessons learned from human–automation research. Hum. Factors 59(1), 5–27 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hancock, P.A., Billings, D.R., Schaefer, K.E., Chen, J.Y., De Visser, E.J., Parasuraman, R.: A meta-analysis of factors affecting trust in human-robot interaction. Hum. Factors 53(5), 517–527 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ghazizadeh, M., Lee, J.D., Boyle, L.N.: Extending the technology acceptance model to assess automation. Cogn. Technol. Work 14(1), 39–49 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hoff, K.A., Bashir, M.: Trust in automation: integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. Hum. Factors 57(3), 407–434 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B., Wickens, C.D.: A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst. Hum. 30(2), 286–297 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Choi, J.K., Ji, Y.G.: Investigating the importance of trust on adopting an autonomous vehicle. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact. 31(10), 692–702 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., Straub, D.W.: Trust and TAM in online shopping: an integrated model. MIS Q. 27(1), 51–90 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee, J.D., Moray, N.: Trust, self-confidence, and operators’ adaptation to automation. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 40(1), 153–184 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bailey, N.R., Scerbo, M.W.: Automation-induced complacency for monitoring highly reliable systems: the role of task complexity, system experience, and operator trust. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 8(4), 321–348 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Muir, B.M., Moray, N.: Trust in automation. Part II. Experimental studies of trust and human intervention in a process control simulation. Ergonomics 39(3), 429–460 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pop, V.L., Shrewsbury, A., Durso, F.T.: Individual differences in the calibration of trust in automation. Hum. Factors 57(4), 545–556 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Körber, M., Baseler, E., Bengler, K.: Introduction matters: manipulating trust in automation and reliance in automated driving. Appl. Ergon. 66, 18–31 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Endsley, M.R.: Autonomous driving systems: a preliminary naturalistic study of the tesla model S. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Making 11(3), 225–238 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ho, G., Wheatley, D., Scialfa, C.T.: Age differences in trust and reliance of a medication management system. Interact. Comput. 17(6), 690–710 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Sanchez, J., Fisk, A.D., Rogers, W.A.: Reliability and age-related effects on trust and reliance of a decision support aid. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 586–589. Sage, Los Angeles (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Durso, F.T., Hackworth, C.A., Truitt, T.R., Crutchfield, J., Nikolic, D., Manning, C.A.: Situation awareness as a predictor of performance for en route air traffic controllers. Air Traffic Control Q. 6(1), 1–20 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jones, D.G., Endsley, M.R.: Overcoming representational errors in complex environments. Hum. Factors 42(3), 367–378 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Endsley, M.R.: Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Hum. Factors 37(1), 32–64 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Endsley, M.R.: Situation awareness misconceptions and misunderstandings. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Making 9(1), 4–32 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Endsley, M.R.: Final reflections: situation awareness models and measures. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Making 9(1), 101–111 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Cohen, J.: A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112(1), 155 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ashalatha, R., Chandra, S.: Critical gap through clearing behavior of drivers at unsignalised intersections. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 15(8), 1427–1434 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Mcknight, D.H., Carter, M., Thatcher, J.B., Clay, P.F.: Trust in a specific technology: an investigation of its components and measures. ACM Trans. Manag. Inf. Syst. (TMIS) 2(2), 12 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jian, J.Y., Bisantz, A.M., Drury, C.G.: Foundations for an empirically determined scale of trust in automated systems. Int. J. Cogn. Ergon. 4(1), 53–71 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The study forms part of an Innovate UK research project - VENTURER: Introducing driverless cars to UK roads (2015–18). See http://www.venturer-cars.com/. We thank Andrew Stinchcombe, Jason Welsby, Dr Martin Pearson, and Dr Tom Kent (Bristol Robotics Laboratory) for assisting with programming the autonomous elements of the driving scenarios and Gary Cross and Mark Goodall (BAe Systems) for further developing the road based autonomous vehicle since the first major Trial in 2016 (see [6]) including work on the DMS. We also thank a number of people (simulator and road teams) for assisting with the running of participants within the current trial, including: Charlie Humphries, Conor Ogilvie-Davidson, Katerina Stankova, Laura Bishop, Mikel Gomez de Segura Marauri, Ilaria Argiolas, and Peter Martin.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, Cardiff University, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK

    Phillip L. Morgan

  2. University of the West of England – Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK

    Craig Williams, Jonathan Flower, Chris Alford & John Parkin

Authors
  1. Phillip L. Morgan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Craig Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jonathan Flower
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chris Alford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John Parkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phillip L. Morgan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, Transportation Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

    Neville Stanton

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Morgan, P.L., Williams, C., Flower, J., Alford, C., Parkin, J. (2019). Trust in an Autonomously Driven Simulator and Vehicle Performing Maneuvers at a T-Junction with and Without Other Vehicles. In: Stanton, N. (eds) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. AHFE 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 786. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93885-1_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93885-1_33

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93884-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93885-1

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation