Abstract
Space is an extreme and hostile environment for human life and launching the man out of the Earth’s gravity, keeping him safe and functional in space, entails a lot of work and money. Human spaceflights represent a techno-logical challenge and the design and implementation of manned space habitats and work environment require knowledge and expertise to create habitats for mission scenarios that, for the future space missions, are not currently well known. The present International Space Station (ISS) is born on the experiences matured on the heritage of past space stations (Salyut, Skylab, Mir). The design solutions implemented on the ISS are therefore based on Human Factors Engineering (HFE) requirements developed from past experiences. From late eighties as of today, Thales Alenia Space in Italy has developed about fifty percent of the pressurized volume of the ISS, providing the permanent modules Node 2, Node 3, Cupola, Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM), Columbus and the logistic Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLM), Automated Transfer Vehicles (ATV), Cygnus. In all these modules Thales Alenia Space in Italy implemented HFE activities based on a human-centered design approach (driving the design, providing analysis, evaluation and usability verification of crew interfaces for work areas and equipment) aimed to guarantee a safe performance of all the on board crew operations, including displays and controls, workstation systems or evaluation of the entire spacecraft cabin or module habitable volume. The future of space exploration will passes through: (1) the extension of life of the ISS until 2024, exploiting it as test bench for future exploration missions and then as private and commercial orbital infrastructures; (2) the Chinese Space Station, that started its life in 2011 and will reach its full operability around 2022; (3) new commercial and independent stations in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and then from LEO to (4) Cislunar and deep space stations, including planetary outposts (Moon and Mars). This paper describes how the HFE activities have been performed for the ISS manned modules orbiting around the Earth and, thanks to the experience gained on the ISS, how they may be developed to physically and psychologically counteract the effects of a long stay period in space to suit future long duration spaceflights.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Salvendy, G.: Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. Wiley, Hoboken (2012)
Novak, J., Liddell, G., Sampaio, C.: Human Engineering Applied to International Space Station Design, SAE Technical Paper 972400 (1997)
Novak, J.B., Addy, D.: Human Engineering Topics for the International Space Station. 1998-07-13 Technical paper, 981786
EW-2007-02-150-HQ, International Space Station Basics. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/179225main_ISS_Poster_Back.pdf
ISS main elements. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/167120main_Elements.pdf
NASA-STD-3000, Man-System Integration Standard. https://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/
NASA-STD-3001, Space Flight Human-System Standard and the Human Integration Design Handbook, Proceedings of the 2012 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20130000738.pdf
Tillman, B., et al.: NASA Space Flight Human System Standards. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070009867.pdf
Musso, G., Ferraris, S., Fenoglio, F., Zafarana, A., Salatino, A., Ricci, R.: Habitability issues in long duration space missions far from earth. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2017), Los Angeles, California, USA, 17–21 July 2017, vol. 26, pp. 145–154. Springer (2017)
Mallis, M.M., Deroshia, C.W.: Circadian rhythms, sleep, and performance in space. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 76(6, Suppl.), B94–B107 (2005)
Strewe, C., Feuerecker, M., Nichiporuk, I., Kaufmann, I., Hauer, D., Morukov, B., Schelling, G., Choukèr, A.: Effects of parabolic flight and spaceflight on the endocannabinoid system in humans. Rev. Neurosci. 23(5–6), 673–680 (2012)
Kanas, N., Manzey, D.: Space Psychology and Psychiatry. Microcosm Press, El Segundo (2003)
Grabherr, L., Mast, F.W.: Effects of microgravity on cognition: the case of mental imagery. J. Vestib. Res. 20, 53–60 (2010)
Wood, S.J., Reschke, M.F., Sarmiento, L.A., Clement, G.: Tilt and translation motion perception during off-vertical axis rotation. Exp. Brain Res. 182, 365–377 (2007)
Massion, J., Amblard, B., Assaiante, C., Mouchnino, L., Vernazza, S.: Body orientation and control of coordinated movements in microgravity. Brain Res. Rev. 28, 83–91 (1998)
Roberts, D.R., Ramsey, D., Johnson, K., Kola, J., Ricci, R., Hicks, C., Borckardt, J.J., Bloomberg, J.J., Epstein, C., George, M.S.: Cerebral cortex plasticity after 90 days of bed rest: data from TMS and fMRI. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 81(1), 30–40 (2010)
Koga, K.: Gravity cue has implicit effects on human behavior. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 71(9S), A78–A86 (2000)
Clément, G., Ngo-Anh, J.T.: Space physiology II: adaptation of the central nervous system to space flight–past, current, and future studies. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 1655–1672 (2013)
Harm, D.L., Reschke, M.F., Scott Wood, S.: Spatial orientation and motion perception in microgravity. In: Hoffman, R.R., Hancock, P.A., Scerbo, M.W., Parasuraman, R., Szalma, J.L. (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Applied Perception Research, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2015)
Clément, G., Paloski, W.H., Rittweger, J., Linnarsson, D., Bareille, M.P., Mulder, E., Wuyts, F.L., Zange, J.: J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 16(2), 84–91 (2016)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this paper
Cite this paper
Musso, G., Capra, R., Ricci, R., Salatino, A. (2019). Human Factors Engineering Activities for Past, Present and Future Manned Space Habitats. In: Stanton, N. (eds) Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation. AHFE 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 786. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93885-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93885-1_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93884-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93885-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)