Abstract
The process of cosmic evolution poses a composition of self-organization processes. Transformations are triggered by random fluctuations or perturbations activating positive and negative feedbacks, which lead to some “configurations” that can maintain themselves in their environments—configurations most fit to the environment survive. Self-organization processes have their applications in artificial intelligent tools designed to solve complex problems as well as to create artifacts. These successful applications justify supposition that self-organization processes being observed in the development of our Universe can be components of intelligent tools used by the Creator. The Universe’s technology has its meta-rules determined by laws of creation. In the creation process some turning points, needing the incidental Creator’s interventions—into human minds at the quantum level—occur.
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Notes
- 1.
Ashby, W.R. (1947). Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System. Journal of General Psychology, 37. The exact subject of Ashby’s writing is the self-organizing system considered in two meanings, namely as changing from unorganized (“parts separated”) to organized (“parts joined”), and “changing from a bad organization to a good one”.
- 2.
Ludwig Boltzmann, a nineteenth-century Austrian physicist, has given the statistical foundation of the second law of thermodynamics in the form of mathematically formulated “minimum theorem”, known also as “H-theorem” (H is short for heat). The essence of this theorem can be expressed as: “if you open a door between two rooms, one hot and one cold, they will eventually settle into lukewarm equilibrium; the hot room will never end up hotter”. Recently, this classical H-theorem was denied—or rather completed—with quantum H-theorem. This new theorem, related to particles and photons behavior, has been presented by researchers from Argonne National Laboratory (Lesovik, G.B. et al. (2016). H-Theorem in Quantum Physics. Scientific Reports, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32815. http://www.nature.com/articles/srep32815). The authors build “mathematical formalism ” that enables them to “discuss the manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics in quantum physics and uncover special situations where the second law can be violated”.
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- 5.
A more far-reaching method is the use of “programmable matter” that is able to change its physical properties , and can be built of “artificial atoms”, but at the moment this is only an idea and research scope.
- 6.
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Missions carried out autonomously by robots will be—very soon—a source of really heavy ethical dilemmas. Armed UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ) called “drones” , being in fact semi-autonomous robots controlled by human operators, are in use on battlefields and have already killed many people. Other combat robots—semi-autonomous till now—will join the military toolbox almost overnight. The day when combat missions can be carried out fully autonomously by robots is very near—it means that robots will be able to take autonomously the decision on whether to kill a human. The problem is discussed in military circles in the U.S.A. One of concepts of the problem solution reads that armed unmanned robots ought to be designed in such a way that they can “neutralize” only other machines, not people. Weiss, L.G. (2011). Autonomous Robots in the Fog of War. IEEE Spectrum, 48(8).
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Fitness functions design is important and quite well advanced domain of evolutionary artifacts creation. For evolutionary robotics is presented in: Nelson, A. L. et al. (2009). Fitness Functions in Evolutionary Robotics : A Survey and Analysis. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 57(4).
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Cells of diploid species contain two sets of chromosomes, and haploid species only one set. Gene frequency relates to alleles discussed previously in the “Survival gear ” item and means “the ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population”.
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- 17.
Cum grano salis: on equal treatment of artifacts and works of the Creator tells one of Polish Jews’ jokes— shmonces in Yiddish. A Jewish tailor didn’t keep his promised date to sew trousers for a Polish squire. Collecting at last his trousers, the squire says: “God has created the whole world in six days, and Moshe needed one month to sew my trousers”. “My Lord”, says Moshe, “but let you look at this world and at this trousers!”
- 18.
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- 19.
However, recent results obtained in the area of quantum computing and quantum encryption seem to violate Heisenberg’s principle.
- 20.
The distinction between Creator and His tools seems to be a theological problem. But the problem of such distinction more and more approaches human practice. By the millennia of our civilization’s development, the distinction between a human and his/her tools was obvious and ambiguous (however what about Captain Hook’s case?). And yet, development of artificial organ technology and the possibility of cybergization put the distinction problem on the agenda—after sci-fi authors have exploited this theme for years.
- 21.
Ashby, W.R. (1957). An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman & Hall.
- 22.
Children, likewise as adults, ask also “why?”, and both questions together are essentially connected to human development and enhancement.
- 23.
The concept of continuous creation ( creatio continua ) is assumed also in Christian theology.
- 24.
Quantum theory is also supported by its successful practical applications. In the theory’s centenary, it was written that the theory offers useful new technologies: “According to a recent estimate, about 30% of the U.S. Gross National Product is now based on inventions made possible by quantum mechanics”. Tegmark, M. , Wheeler, J.A. (2001). 100 Years of the Quantum. arXiv:quant-ph/0101077v1, January 17.
- 25.
However, there are scientists not sharing this view. Albert Einstein himself said “God does not play dice with the universe”, and the saying “God playing dices” becomes proverbial in use by both determinists and probabilists. According to the law of inevitable uncertainty, it is the material universe which from its beginning in the Big Bang has such a nature that plays dices with every creator for granting his/her creational wishes.
- 26.
In our human creative practice with information systems, not only “particular circumstances”, as bugs, but uncertainty itself needs deliberate treatment. The problem of “big data” is an example. Now, we deal with data sets so large that conventional tools related to databases are insufficient. Big data uncertainty results from: data sets’ huge volume, the high speed of data collection, data variety and low veracity. For solving the problem, the various strategies are applied: divide-and-conquer, parallelization, incremental learning, sampling, granular computing, feature selection and hierarchical classes (Wang, X., He, Y. (2016). Learning from Uncertainty for Big Data. IEEE Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, 2(2)).
- 27.
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- 28.
The remaining two laws of the famous British sci-fi author and futurist Arthur Clarke are the following. First: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.” Second: “The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past into the impossible.”
- 29.
Ellis, G.F.R. (1995). Ordinary and Extraordinary Divine Action: The Nexus of Interaction, in Chaos and Complexity. Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action. Vatican: Vatican Observatory Publications and Berkeley: The Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences.
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- 31.
Qubits have the status as “quantum information units”, and a “quantum information theory”, related to information at atomic and sub-atomic level, is developing.
- 32.
Hsu, J. (2013). D-Wave’s Year of Computing Dangerously. IEEE Spectrum, December.
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Kaczmarczyk, A. (2018). Supposition Two on Tools and Laws of Creation. In: Creation Hypothesis in the Anthropocene Epoch. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93879-0_3
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