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Colors in Glasses

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Springer Handbook of Glass

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Glass is a fascinating material, not only because of its transparency and for its formability, but also because of the manifold facets of bright colors it can display. Just remember how the colored glasses of cathedral windows made us dream in our childhood, and how much we could quarrel in the schoolyard over a marble or a bead necklace.

In this chapter, we will attempt to understand the physical origin of different colors and by what chemical processes, hues, and intensity of colors can be controlled in glasses. However, to do so, we must first understand what a color is, and only then will we be able to discuss how the different active color centers, when incorporated into a vitreous matrix, the glass, can create such a variety of responses toward light.

We want to focus especially on the most frequent and, thus, typical causes of glass coloring, that is, the mechanisms of absorption. Examples from many transition metal ions will illustrate how their valence, local structure, or relation to other elements can impact the final glass color. The role of plasmon-resonance, involving metallic nanoparticles will also be described.

However, other light effects due to reflection and scattering in the bulk or at the surface of a glass can also induce colors. For example, the iridescence of corroded glasses, which originates from multireflection on an alteration layer, can be exploited as an artistic effect. Light scattering by crystals or phase separation also plays an important role, since it gives us the option to modify the aspect from transparent to opalescent or to opaque.

Finally, we will present some color-related functionalization of glasses such as photochromism and electrochromism. Many more details on glass and colors can be found in the literature, e. g., [9.1, 9.2, 9.3].

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to HDoz. Dr. Doris Ehrt for sharing her experience as much as the samples that illustrate various aspects of color; we thank her and Dr. Maria Rita Cicconi for many fruitful discussions. We thank Charlie Bellows, Ingrid Berg, Dr. Stefan Karlsson, Prof. Alexis M. Clare, Susan Liebold, Johann Mild, Ute Rempel, Ludwick Sichelstiel, Eva Trummer, and Prof. Edgar Zanotto for photographs, samples, references, and comments. The spectra and graphs in Sect. 9.1.5were realized by Dr. Alexander Veber, who used a lot of creativity to make U-coloration more understandable.We fondly remember Dr. Peter Steppuhn, who passed away before the completion of this book but who, despite his grave illness, helped to ensure that the foto and caption on green forest glass was depicted accurately. Doris Möncke is grateful for financial support through FAPESP during her stay at the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil), where the first draft of this chapter took form, and to the Knowledge Foundation during her stay at Linnæus University, where she worked at the time this chapter was finalized in its current form.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Dominique de Ligny

  2. Inamori School of Engineering, Glass Science, Alfred University, Alfred, NY, USA

    Doris Möncke

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  1. Dominique de Ligny
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Correspondence to Dominique de Ligny .

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  1. Rochester Precision Optics, LLC, West Henrietta, NY, USA

    J. David Musgraves

  2. Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Juejun Hu

  3. UMR 6226 – Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, University of Rennes I, Rennes, France

    Laurent Calvez

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de Ligny, D., Möncke, D. (2019). Colors in Glasses. In: Musgraves, J.D., Hu, J., Calvez, L. (eds) Springer Handbook of Glass. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93728-1_9

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