Skip to main content

The Assessment of ADHD in Persons with Developmental Disabilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Assessment

Part of the book series: Autism and Child Psychopathology Series ((ACPS))

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed in childhood. Significant educational, psychological, and medical resources are expended in the assessment and treatment of persons with ADHD. Even the most seasoned clinician will face challenges when assessing ADHD in children with developmental disabilities. The core symptoms of ADHD can combine in thousands of ways to render the diagnosis and comorbid conditions abound. The clinician must understand a child’s unique experience with the identified developmental disability before attempting to assess for ADHD. This chapter provides detailed guidance on the assessment of ADHD in persons with developmental disabilities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school age forms & profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ageranioti-BĂ©langer, S., Brunet, S., D’Anjou, G., Tellier, G., Boivin, J., & Gauthier, M. (2012). Behaviour disorders in children with an intellectual disability. Paediatrics & Child Health, 17(2), 84–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahuja, A., Martin, J., Langley, K., & Thapar, A. (2013). Intellectual disability in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Pediatrics, 163, 890–895.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aldabal, L., & Bahammam, A. S. (2011). Metabolic, endocrine, and immune consequences of sleep deprivation. Open Respiratory Medicine Journal, 5, 31–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, M. G., & Singh, N. N. (1986). Aberrant behavior checklist manual. East Aurora, NY: Slosson Educational Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 894–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Pediatrics. (2017). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders toolkit. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders-toolkit/Pages/default.aspx

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases (DSM-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM-III). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual-text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2017). Distinguishing between screening and assessment for mental and behavioral health problems. Retrieved from APA Practice Organization: http://www.apapracticecentral.org/reimbursement/billing/assessment-screening.aspx

  • Antshel, K. M., Phillips, M. H., Gordon, M., Barkley, R., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). Is ADHD a valid disorder in children with intellectual delays? Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 555–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antshel, K. M., Aneja, A., Strunge, L., Peebles, J., Fremont, W. P., Stallone, K., et al. (2007). Autistic spectrum disorders in velo-cardio facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1776–1786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, A. B., MacDonald, B., & Pennington, B. F. (2013). Cognitive and behavioral indicators of ADHD symptoms prior to school age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(12), 1284–1294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Astley, S. J., Stachowiak, J., Clarren, S. K., & Clausen, C. (2002). Application of the fetal alcohol syndrome facial photographic screening tool in a foster care population. The Journal of Pediatrics, 141(5), 712–717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballester-PlanĂ©, J., Laporta-Hoyos, O., Macaya, A., PĂło, P., MelĂ©ndez-Plumed, M., Vázquez, É., … Pueyo, R. (2016). Measuring intellectual ability in cerebral palsy: The comparison of three tests and their neuroimaging correlates. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 56, 83–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, A. A., Henderson, K., Pow, J. L., & Advokat, C. (2012). The early history of the neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 21(3), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2011.595649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkeley, S., Bender, W. N., Peaster, L. G., & Saunders, L. (2009). Implementation of response to intervention: A snapshot of progress. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42(1), 85–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Wozniak, J., Kiely, K., Ablon, S., Faraone, S., Mick, E., … Kraus, I. (1995). CBCL clinical scales discriminate prepubertal children with structured interview – Derived diagnosis of mania from those with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 464–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorgaas, H. M., Elgen, I., Boe, T., & Hysing, M. (2013). Mental health in children with cerebral palsy: Does screening capture the complexity? The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 468402.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bodimeade, H. L., Whittingham, K., Lloyd, O., & Boyd, R. N. (2013). Executive functioning in children and adolescents with unilateral cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55(10), 926–933.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonuck, K. A., Chervin, R. D., Cole, T. J., et al. (2011). Prevalence and persistence of sleep disordered breathing symptoms in young children: A 6-year population based cohort study. Sleep, 34(7), 875–884.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, C. (1937). The behavior of children receiving Benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bramlett, M. D., & Blumberg, S. J. (2007). Family structure and children’s physical and mental health. Health Affairs, 26(2), 549–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breslin, J., Spanò, G., Bootzin, R., Anand, P., Nadel, L., & Edgin, J. (2014). Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and cognition in down syndrome. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(7), 657–664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridgett, D. J., & Walker, M. E. (2006). Intellectual functioning in adults with ADHD: A meta-analytic examination of full scale IQ differences between adults with and without ADHD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. E. (2001). The Brown attention deficit disorder scales. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burks, H. F. (1960). The hyperkinetic child. Exceptional Children, 27(1), 18–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carminati, G. G., Gerber, F., Baud, M. A., & Baud, O. (2007). Evaluating the effects of a structured program for adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1, 256–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Insufficient sleep is a public health epidemic. http://cdc.gov/Features/dsSleep

  • Chien, Y.-L., Gau, S. S.-F., Chiu, Y.-N., Tsai, W.-C., Shang, C.-Y., & Wu, Y.-Y. (2014). Impaired sustained attention, focused attention, and vigilance in youths with autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(7), 881–889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg, N. S., Maenner, M. J., Arneson, C. L., Durkin, M. S., … Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2014). Prevalence of cerebral palsy, co-occurring autism spectrum disorders, and motor functioning – Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, USA, 2008. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(1), 59–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1994). The Conners continuous performance test. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (2008). Conners (Conners 3) (3rd ed.). North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K., & Sitarenios, G. (2011). Conners’ continuous performance test (CPT). In Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 681–683). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett, J. A. (2000). Epilepsy and mental retardation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5), 473. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.5.473-a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corkum, P., Moldofsky, H., Hogg-Johnson, S., Humphries, T., & Tannock, R. (n.d.). Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(10), 1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199910000-00018

  • Cortese, S., Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Arnulf, I., Mouren, M.-C., Darra, F., & Dalla Bernardina, B. (2005). Restless legs syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature. Sleep, 28(8), 1007–1013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, N., Vaurio, L., Riley, E. P., & Mattson, S. N. (2009). Comparison of adaptive behavior in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(11), 2015–2023.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cuffe, S. P., Visser, S. N., Holbrook, J. R., Danielson, M. L., Geryk, L. L., Wolraich, M. L., & McKeown, R. E. (2015). ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity: Functional outcomes in a school-based sample of children. Journal of Attention Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715613437

  • Curran, C., Debbarma, S., & Sedky, K. (2017). Fragile X and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Case presentation and management challenges. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(1), 137–138.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability I: Prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 915–922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, C. K., Dube, W. V., & McIlvane, W. J. (2008). Attention deficits, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and intellectual disabilities. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14(4), 285–292. http://doi.org/10.1002/ddrr.42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doshi, J. A., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Sikirica, V., Cangelosi, M. J., Setyawan, J., … Neumann, P. J. (2012). Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(10), 990–1002.e2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, V. I. (1972). Stop, look and listen: The problem of sustained attention and impulse control in hyperactive and normal children. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 4(4), 259–282. Canada: University of Toronto Press. doi:10.1037/h0082313. ISSN 1879-2669. Retrieved 10 Nov 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, L. R., & Mattson, S. N. (2015). Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE): Review of evidence and guidelines for assessment. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 2(3), 175–186.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretations. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 10, 172–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einfeld, S. L., & Aman, M. (1995). Issues in the taxonomy of psychopathology in mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25(2), 143–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einfeld, S. L., & Tonge, B. J. (1996). Population prevalence of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: II epidemiological findings. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40, 99–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, M. H., Cullinan, D., & Polloway, E. D. (1986). Patterns of maladjustment among mentally retarded children and youth. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 91, 127–134.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fair, D. A., Nigg, J. T., Iyer, S., Bathula, D., Mills, K. L., Dosenbach, N. U. F., … Milham, M. P. (2012). Distinct neural signatures detected for ADHD subtypes after controlling for micro- movements in resting state functional connectivity MRI data. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 6, 80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fee, V. E., Matson, J. L., & Benavidez, D. A. (1994). Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder among mentally retarded children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15(1), 67–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiks, A. G., Ross, M. E., Mayne, S. L., Song, L., Liu, W., Steffes, J., … Wasserman, R. (2016). Preschool ADHD diagnosis and stimulant use before and after the 2011 AAP practice guideline. Pediatrics, 138(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2025.

  • Fisher, O., & Rhodes, G. (2017). “Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) – Home page,” March. http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/osep/index.html

  • Franke, B., Neale, B. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2009). Genome-wide association studies in ADHD. Human Genetics, 126(1), 13–50. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0663-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, T. W., Demaree, H. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2004). Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology, 18, 543–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • French, W. P. (2015). Assessment and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Part 1. Pediatric Annals, 44(3), 114–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (2006). Introduction to response to intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? Reading Research Quarterly, 41(1), 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabis, L. V., Tsubary, N. M., Leon, O., Ashkenasi, A., & Shefer, S. (2015). Assessment of abilities and comorbidities in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology, 30(12), 1640–1645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073815576792

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, A., Green, J., Cox, A., Burton, D., Rutter, M., & LeCouteur, A. (2001). Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 227–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gjaerum, B., & Bjornerem, H. (2003). Psychosocial impairment is significant in young referred children with and without psychiatric diagnoses and cognitive delays. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(5), 239–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. (1983). The gordon diagnostic system. DeWitt, NY: Gordon Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. (2015). Challenges surrounding the education of children with chronic diseases. IGI Global.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goril, S., Zalai, D., Scott, L., & Shapiro, C. M. (2016). Sleep and melatonin secretion abnormalities in children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Sleep Medicine, 23, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, R., Wiebe, S., Montecalvo, L., Brunetti, B., Amsel, R., & Carrier, J. (2011). Impact of sleep restriction on neurobehavioral functioning of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep, 34(3), 315–323.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, J. F., Balachova, T., Bertrand, J., Chasnoff, I., Dang, E., Fernandez-Baca, D., … Zubler, J. (2016). Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure., 138(6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamza, M., Halayem, S., Bourgou, S., Daoud, M., Charfi, F., & Belhadj, A. (2017). Epigenetics and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 108705471769676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, J. Y., Kwon, H. J., Ha, M., Paik, K. C., Lim, M. H., Lee, S. G., … Kim, E. J. (2015). The effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and environmental tobacco smoke on risk for ADHD: A large population-based study. Psychiatry Research, 225(1), 164–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handen, B. L., Feldman, H. M., Lurier, A. M., & Murray, P. H. (1997). Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 805–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, D. L. (2012). Monitoring students with ADHD within the RTI framework. The Behavior Analyst Today, 13(2), 17–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P., Beck, A., Daley, D., & Hill, C. (2005). Symptoms of ADHD and their correlates in children with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 26, 456–468.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkins, P., Setyawan, J., Mitra, D., Davis, K., Quintero, J., Fridman, M., … Harpin, V. (2013). Management of ADHD in children across Europe: Patient demographics, physician characteristics and treatment patterns. European Journal of Pediatrics, 172(7), 895–906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-013-1969-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y.-S., Guilleminault, C., Li, H.-Y., Yang, C.-M., Wu, Y.-Y., & Chen, N.-H. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with obstructive sleep apnea: A treatment outcome study. Sleep Medicine, 8(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2006.05.016

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, A. D. (1996). Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 8(4), 361–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hvolby, A. (2015). Associations of sleep disturbance with ADHD: Implications for treatment. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 7(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0151-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, N. D., Sheppard, B. K., Lateef, T. M., Vande Voort, J. L., He, J.-P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2016). Medical comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in US adolescents. Journal of Child Neurology, 31(11), 1282–1289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joelsson, P., Chudal, R., Talati, A., Suominen, A., Brown, A. S., & Sourander, A. (2016). Prenatal smoking exposure and neuropsychiatric comorbidity of ADHD: A Finnish nationwide population-based cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, E., & Cohen, L. (1934). Organic drivenness a brain-stem syndrome and an experience. The New England Journal of Medicine, 210, 748–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, L., Ayub, M., & Vincent, J. B. (2010). The genetic basis of non-syndromic intellectual disability: A review. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2(4), 182–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11689-010-9055-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Lee, S. H., Lee, J. H., & Hong, K. H. (2014). The role of intrinsic defects in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite. The journal of physical chemistry letters, 5(8), 1312–1317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingdon, D., Cardoso, C., & McGrath, J. J. (2015). Research review: Executive function deficits in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 57(2), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12451

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kiser, D. P., Rivero, O., & Lesch, K. P. (2015). Annual research review: The (epi) genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders in the era of whole-genome sequencing–unveiling the dark matter. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 278–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knobel, M., Wolman, M. B., & Mason, E. (1959). Hyperkinesis and organicity in children. AMA archives of general psychiatry, 1(3), 310–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohane, I. S., McMurry, A., Weber, G., MacFadden, D., Rappaport, L., Kunkel, L., … Churchill, S. (2012). The co-morbidity burden of children and young adults with autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One, 7(4), e33224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kolar, D., Keller, A., Golfinopoulos, M., Cumyn, L., Syer, C., & Hechtman, L. (2008). Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(2), 389–403.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, H., Richardson, S. A., Katz, M., & McLaren, J. (1983). Behavior disturbance since childhood among a 5-year birth cohort of all mentally retarded young adults in a city. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 87, 386–395.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konijnenberg, C. (2015). Methodological issues in assessing the impact of prenatal drug exposure. Substance abuse research and treatment, 9(Suppl 2), 39–44.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koyuncu, E., TĂĽrkkani, M. H., Sarikaya, F. G., & Ă–zgirgin, N. (2017). Sleep disordered breathing in children with cerebral palsy. Sleep Medicine, 30, 146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.01.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuntsi, J., Eley, T. C., Taylor, A., Hughes, C., Asherson, P., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2004). Co-occurrence of ADHD and low IQ has genetic origins. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 124B, 41–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S., & Albertini, G. (2008). Detecting Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability the use of Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.02.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, K. W., Reichl, S., Lange, K. M., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2010). The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 2(4), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., & Halfon, N. (2011). Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD, 2007. Pediatrics, 127(3), 462–470.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leitner, Y. (2014). The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children – What do we know? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 268.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblad, I., Gillberg, C., & Fernell, E. (2011). ADHD and other associated developmental problems in children with mild mental retardation. The use of the “Five-To-fifteen” questionnaire in a population-based sample. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 2805–2809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linna, S. L., Moilanen, I., Ebeling, H., Piha, J., Kumpulainen, K., Tamminen, T., & Almqvist, F. (1999). Psychiatric symptoms in children with intellectual disability. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8, 77–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundervold, A. J., Stickert, M., Hysing, M., Sorensen, L., Gillberg, C., & Posserud, M.-B. (2012). Attention deficits in children with combined autism and ADHD: A CPT study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(7), 599–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan, R., Bernal, M. P., Panzer, R., Whitaker, A., Roberts, W., Handen, B., … Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. (2012). Clinical practice pathways for evaluation and medication choice for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 130(Supplement 2), S125–S138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallett, C. A., Natarajan, A., & Hoy, J. (2014). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A DSM timeline review. International Journal of Mental Health, 43(4), 36–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2015.1009310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maris, M., Verhulst, S., Wojciechowski, M., Van de Heyning, P., & Boudewyns, A. (2016). Sleep problems and obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome, an overview. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 82, 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.12.014

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. J., & Burns, E. C. (2014). Academic buoyancy, resilience, and adaptability in students with ADHD. The ADHD Report, 22(6), 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., & Shoemaker, M. (2009). Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1107–1114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May, T., Sciberras, E., Hiscock, H., & Rinehart, N. (2016). The comorbid diagnosis of ASD and ADHD: Clinical and neuropsychological perspectives. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Handbook of assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (pp. 259–284). Springer International Publishing. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-27171-2_14

  • Miller, M. L., Fee, V., & Jones, C. J. (2004). Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation I: Validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 477–492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. L., Fee, V. E., & Netterville, A. K. (2004). Psychometric properties of ADHD rating scales among children with mental retardation I: Reliability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25(5), 459–476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millichap, J. G. (2008). Etiologic classification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 121(2), e358–e365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milnerowicz-Nabzdyk, E., & BizoĹ„, A. (2014). Effect of cigarette smoking on vascular flows in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. Reproductive Toxicology, 50, 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitis, E. M., McKay, K. E., Schulz, K. P., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2000). Parent-teacher concordance for DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a clinic referred sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 308–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moeschler, J. B. (2008). Genetic evaluation of intellectual disabilities. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 15(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2008.01.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, M. R., Polizzi, C., Sulliotti, G., Mascolino, C., & Perricone, G. (2013). Early precursors of low attention and hyperactivity in moderately and very preterm children at preschool age. Pediatric reports, 5(4), 18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriyama, I. M., Loy, R. M., Robb-Smith, A. H. T., Rosenberg, H. M., & Hoyert, D. L. (2011). History of the statistical classification of diseases and causes of death. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, C. M., Christakou, A., Daly, E. M., Ecker, C., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., … Rubia, K. (2014). Abnormal functional activation and maturation of fronto-striato-temporal and cerebellar regions during sustained attention in autism spectrum disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(10), 1107–1116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2012). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH Publication No. 12-3572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neece, C. L., Baker, B. L., & Lee, S. S. (2013). ADHD among adolescents with intellectual disabilities: Pre-pathway influences. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(7), 2268–2279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.02.025

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Niggs, J. T., & Barkely, R. A. (2014). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In Child psychopathology (3rd ed.). New York: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niklasson, L., Rasmussen, P., Oskarsdottir, S., & Gillberg, C. (2009). Autism, ADHD, mental retardation and behavior problems in 100 individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(4), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2008.10.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, K. D., & Nanson, J. (2002). Clinical implications of a link between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 47(4), 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, J., Gruber, R., Brown, T., Corkum, P., Cortese, S., O’Brien, L., … Weiss, M. (2012). Future research directions in sleep and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(7), 550–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705471245799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, J. A. (2005). The ADHD and sleep conundrum redux: Moving forward. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(6), 377–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2006.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peadon, E., & Elliott, E. J. (2010). Distinguishing between attention-deficit hyperactivity and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in children: Clinical guidelines. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 6, 509–515.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D. A., & Aman, M. G. (1994). Ratings of hyperactivity and developmental indices: Should clinicians correct for developmental level? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 395–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D. A., Lachar, D., Loveland, K. A., Santos, C. W., Faria, L. P., Azzam, P. N., … Cleveland, L. A. (2000). Patterns of behavioral adjustment and maladjustment in mental retardation: Comparison of children with and without ADHD. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 105(4), 236–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perfect, M. M., Archbold, K., Goodwin, J., Levine-Donnerstein, D., & Quan, S. F. (2013). Risk of behavioral and adaptive functioning difficulties in youth with previous and current sleep disordered breathing. Sleep, 36(4), 517–525B.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka, S. R. (2009). Treating ADHD and comorbid disorders. Psychosocial and psychopharmacological interventions. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popova, S., Lange, S., Shield, K., Mihic, A., Chudley, A. E., Mukherjee, R. A. S., … Rehm, J. (2016). Comorbidity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 387(10022), 978–987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, A. I., Wood, C. L., & Stecker, P. M. (2015). Response to intervention: Where it came from and where it’s going. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 60(3), 173–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, M. O., Jakubovski, E., Johnson, J. A., & Bloch, M. H. (2017). Predictors of long-term school-based behavioral outcomes in the multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27(4), 296–309.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Shaywitz, S. E. (2009). Response to intervention: Prevention and remediation, Perhaps. Diagnosis, No. Child Development Perspectives, 3(1), 44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Richdale, A. L., & Baglin, C. L. (2015). Self-report and caregiver-report of sleep and psychopathology in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 18(4), 272–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richdale, A. L., & Schreck, K. A. (2009). Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(6), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.02.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J., Hatton, C., Emerson, E., & Baines, S. (2015). Prevalence of epilepsy among people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Seizure: The Journal of the British Epilepsy Association, 29, 46–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • RodrĂ­guez, C., GarcĂ­a, T., & Areces, D. (2017). New and future challenges concerning the use of virtual reality tools for assessing ADHD. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 4(1), 8–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, J. A., & Turner, A. (1994). Integrated Visual and Auditory continuous performance test (IVA+Plus), interpretation manual. Brain Train, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santoro, S. D., Giacheti, C. M., Rossi, N. F., Campos, L. M. G., & Pinato, L. (2016). Correlations between behavior, memory, sleep-wake and melatonin in Williams-Beuren syndrome. Physiology & Behavior, 159, 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, G. R., Baker, C., Barden, G. A., Brown, O. W., Hardin, A., Lessin, H. R., … Bright Futures Periodicity Schedule Workgroup. (2014). 2014 recommendations for pediatric preventive health care. Pediatrics, 133(3), 568–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Wood, N., Gringras, P., & Chadwick, O. (2007). ADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 591–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. W., Cumming, M. M., Merrill, K. L., Pitts, D. L., & Daunic, A. P. (2015). Teaching self-regulation skills to students with behavior problems: Essential instructional components. Beyond Behavior, 24(3), 4–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spruyt, K., & Gozal, D. (2011). Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11(4), 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.11.7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stromme, P., & Diseth, T. H. (2000). Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in children with mental retardation: Data from a population-based study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 266–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management, Wolraich, M., Brown, L., Brown, R. T., DuPaul, G., … Visser, S. (2011). ADHD: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128(5), 1007–1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sung, V., Hiscock, H., Sciberras, E., & Efron, D. (2008). Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Prevalence and the effect on the child and family. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(4), 336–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M. (1992). School based assessments and intervention for ADD students. Irvine, CA: KC Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tannock, R. (2002). Cognitive correlates of ADHD. In P. S. Jensen & J. R. Cooper (Eds.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: State of the science (pp. 8–27). Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E. (2011). Antecedents of ADHD: A historical account of diagnostic concepts. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 3(2), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-010-0051-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E., Dopfner, M., Sergeant, J., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., … Zuddas, A. (2004). European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder – First upgrade. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(Suppl 1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-1002-x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thapar, A., Martin J., Mick E., Arias Vasquez A., Langley K., Scherer S. W., Schachar R., et al. (2016). Psychiatric gene discoveries shape evidence on ADHD’s biology. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(9),1202–1207. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(4), e994–e1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, V. I., Vallejo, D., & Inestrosa, N. C. (2017). Emerging synaptic molecules as candidates in the etiology of neurological disorders. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 8081758.

    Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Digest of education statistics, 2015 (NCES 2016-014), Chapter 2.

  • Veldhuizen, S., & Cairney, J. (2017). Digital technology and screening for developmental concerns in the early years. Current Developmental Disorders Report, 4(1), 5–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S., Danielson, M., & Wolraich, M. (2016). Vital signs: National and state-specific patterns of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment among insured children age 2–5 years. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, (65), 443–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6517e1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser, S. N., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Holbrook, J. R., Kogan, M. D., Ghandour, R. M., … Blumberg, S. J. (2014). Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003–2011. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 34–46.e2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, R. G., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2006). Developmental dissociation, deviance, and delay: Occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in individuals with and without borderline to mild intellectual disability. Developmental Medical Child Neurology, 48, 831–835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorstman, J. A. S., & Ophoff, R. A. (2013). Genetic causes of developmental disorders. Current Opinion in Neurology, 26(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e32835f1a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, M. M., Newman, L. A., & Javitz, H. S. (2014). The influence of family socioeconomic status on the post–high school outcomes of youth with disabilities. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 37(1), 5–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, M. D., & Weiss, J. R. (2004). A guide to the treatment of adults with ADHD. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(Suppl 3), 27–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whittingham, K., Bodimeade, H. L., Lloyd, O., & Boyd, R. N. (2014). Everyday psychological functioning in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: Does executive functioning play a role? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(6), 572–579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggs, L. (2001). Sleep problems in children with developmental disorders. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94, 177–179.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. F., Smith, V. C., & Committee on Substance Abuse. (2015). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 136(5), e1395–e1406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, N. M., Zaharieva, I., Martin, A., Langley, K., Mantripragada, K., Fossdal, R., et al. (2010). Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A genome-wide analysis. Lancet, 376(9750), 1401–1408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61109-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolraich, M. L., Lambert, W., Doffing, M., Bickman, L., Simmons, T., & Worley, K. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale in a referred population. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 8(8), 559–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, S., Absoud, M., Blackburn, C., Branney, P., Colley, B., Farrag, E., … Mukherjee, R. (2016). Guidelines for identification and treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and associated fetal alcohol spectrum disorders based upon expert consensus. BMC Psychiatry, (1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1027-y

  • Youssef, N. A., Ege, M., Angly, S. S., Strauss, J. L., & Marx, C. E. (2011). Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with ADHD? Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 23(3), 213–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, J. L., Olsen, J., Liew, Z., Li, J., Niclasen, J., & Obel, C. (2014). Parental smoking during pregnancy and ADHD in children: The Danish national birth cohort. Pediatrics, 134(2), e382–e388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pamela McPherson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

McPherson, P., Yetman, M., Burns, C.O., Wynn, B. (2018). The Assessment of ADHD in Persons with Developmental Disabilities. In: Matson, J. (eds) Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and Developmental Disabilities Assessment . Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93542-3_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics