Abstract
The Renewable Energy Sources Act of 2015 (RES Act) introduced the definition of prosumers, and a 2016 amendment finally introduced incentives (focusing, however, on biogas) and modified net-metering for owners of micro-installations (in relation 1 to 0.8 or 0.7 depending on installation size). A 2018 amendment enables FiTs and FiPs as remunerations possibilities, increases the maximal capacity of micro-installations to 50 kW and that of small installations to 500 kW, and reduces administrative effort of new installations. Although it focuses on individual prosumers, the RES Act recognizes RE cooperatives, enumerating their possible activities with regard to RE electricity production. Additionally, the legislator introduced so-called energy clusters, that is, models bringing together diverse actors to tackle local challenges. Furthermore, consumer (co-)ownership received explicit recognition of its crucial role in the 2018 recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) as part of the Clean Energy Package. Finally, in April 2018 the Horizon 2020 project SCORE was launched with the aim to facilitate consumers to become (co-)owners of RE in three European pilot regions, one of them being the city of Słupsk employing a Consumer Stock Ownership Plan. Although RE consumer (co-)ownership projects open are not widespread in Poland yet, investments in solar collectors and photovoltaic installations on private buildings, often facilitated by municipalities making use of financing programmes offered by the state, are gaining popularity. With the exception of the limited liability partnership, participation in RE projects is possible via any available type of corporation, partnership or individual business activity, as well as cooperative activity. Municipalities attempt to attract investors to invest in RE infrastructure themselves or enter public—private partnerships.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
In the 1970s Poland was among the biggest coal exporters in the world, but exports today are constantly decreasing, resulting from lower demand, dropping coal prices and a shift towards alternative energy resources worldwide (Rudźko 2012).
- 2.
Shift towards sustainable energy and decreasing technologies prices resulted in the record of newly added capacity in the power sector of RE in 2015 (especially wind and solar energy) that exceeded fossil fuels (see REN 21 2016).
- 3.
However due to controversies surrounding this topic, as of now, no concrete decisions have been taken (see Berenda 2017).
- 4.
With almost 40 per cent of power blocks being over 40 and 15 per cent over 50 years old, some qualify for immediate decommissioning, and, indeed, power plant owners plan to decommission some 5.2 GW between 2014 and 2028 (PAIZ 2013).
- 5.
According to the National Action Plan, the 15 per cent goal should be achieved by a composition of 54 per cent in heating and cooling, 25 per cent in electricity and 21 per cent in transport.
- 6.
The majority of over six million buildings in Poland are houses, a half of them single-family houses. Seventy per cent of them, that is, some 3.8 million houses, use hard coal in old furnaces (Dworakowska 2016).
- 7.
Existing biogas power plants embraced by the previous support system enjoy incentives as regards the certificates of origin—so-called blue certificates for electricity generated from agricultural biogas and certificates for co-generation (Art. 44 RES Act). The amount of blue certificates to be purchased by enterprises operating in the energy market was set on a relatively high level (0.65%). Increased demand results in higher certificate prices at the energy stock exchange. Under the tendering system, biogas installations are treated as a separate category (Art. 73 RES Act), while Art. 77 §2 RES Act sets the minimal reference price in tender only for biogas at 550 PLN/MWh (ca. EUR 137 MWh). These regulations ensure investment certainty.
- 8.
The study commissioned by the Ministry of Energy concerning the realization of the concept was first published in the beginning of 2017.
- 9.
“SCORE” = Supporting Consumer Ownership in Renewable Energy (CSA 2018–2020) Grant Agreement 784960.
- 10.
Combined with a domination of fossil fuels, mostly coal, for heating, residential buildings are costly to maintain, especially single-family homes.
- 11.
For example, the programme 500+ granting PLN 500 monthly per child indirectly helps to overcome this problem by an estimated 1.4 per cent. A targeted subsidy for energy expenses is less popular (Lis et al. 2016).
- 12.
In pay-as-bid auctions, the winners receive remuneration in the amount offered in their bids.
- 13.
See Polish Ministry of Energy (2017) https://legislacja.rcl.gov.pl/docs//3/12292350/12392584/dokument281972.pdf, accessed 01.08.2017.
- 14.
According to Art. 86 §1 of the Code of Commercial Companies, the legal form of limited liability partnership is reserved for freelance work.
- 15.
LIFE is the EU’s financial instrument supporting environmental, nature conservation and climate action projects throughout the EU; for the 2014–2020 funding period, LIFE will contribute approximately EUR 3.4 billion to the protection of the environment and climate.
- 16.
For details see http://www.nfosigw.gov.pl.
- 17.
A 2013 study by the Hertie School of Governance shows that over 85 per cent of municipalities would like to invest in green energy (Ancygier and Caspar 2013).
- 18.
See Bylaws of the Cooperative Our Energy from 27. March 2013.
- 19.
Buildings account for around 40 per cent of total energy consumption across the EU, while around 70 per cent of them are inefficient (Impact Assessment for the amendment of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, SWD (2016) 414).
- 20.
Since 2016 wind power plants underlie new tax regulations. According to the newly introduced definition, a wind turbine is treated as a building and can thus be a subject to higher taxes. Moreover, the distance to the nearest houses has to amount at least ten times their heights (in practice 1.5–2 km).
- 21.
Cf. Comparison of purchasing power parity in the European Union (Eurostat 2017c).
- 22.
See report by the Chancellery of the Prime Minister “Poland 2030” (Boni 2009, p. 339).
- 23.
IEO’s president Grzegorz Wiśniewski is member of the National Development Council and has been actively involved in agenda setting in the energy sector for many years.
References
Ancygier, A., & Caspar, A. (2013). Der Mythos der übermächtigen Kohlelobby. Warum Polen energiepolitisch anders ist und wie Deutschland damit umgehen sollte.Retrieved August 10, 2016, from http://www.ipg-journal.de/rubriken/nachhaltigkeit-energie-und-klimapolitik/artikel/der-mythos-der-uebermaechtigen-kohlelobby-520/.
Berenda, K. (2017). Elektrownia jądrowa w Polsce? Minister energii: Projekt zawieszony. Interview with the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Poland, Krzysztof Tchórzewski for RMF24. Retrieved July 17, 2017, from http://www.rmf24.pl/ekonomia/news-elektrownia-jadrowa-w-polsce-minister-energii-projekt-zawies,nId,2342463#utm_source=paste&utm_medium=paste&utm_campaign=other.
Bolesta, J. (2015).Polski rynek fotowoltaiki w 2014 roku, Presentation held at the conference VII Forum Energetyki Obywatelskiej on May 12, 2015, Warsaw.
Boni, M. (Ed.). (2009). Polska 2030. Warsaw: Wyzwania rozwojowe, Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów.
Bukowski, M., Pankowiec, A., Szczerba, P., & Śniegocki, A. (2014). Przełomowa energetyka prosumencka. Dlaczego źródła rozproszone mogą doprowadzić do przewrotu na rynku energii. Warsaw: WISE.
Buzek, J. & Księżopolski, K. (Eds.) (2017). Pokonywanie barrier administracyjnych w rozwoju mikroźródeł energii odnawialnej, jako podstawy energetyki obywatelskiej—doświadczenia w Polsce i w Unii Europejskiej,Grodno k. Międzyzdrojów.
Central Statistical Office (CSO). (2017). Energy 2017. Warsaw. Retrieved from http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/en/defaultaktualnosci/3304/1/5/1/energy_2017.pdf.
Ciżkowicz, P., et al. (2012). Wpływ energetyki wiatrowej na wzrost gospodarczy w Polsce. Ernst & Young, Polish Association of Wind Energy, European Wind Energy Association.
Cooperative Our Energy (Spółdzielnia Nasza Energia). Retrieved July 18, 2018 from http://inwestycjeenergetyczne.itc.pw.edu.pl/inwestycja/spoldzielnia-energetyczna-k-zamoscia/.
Covenant of Mayors (CoM). (2016). Solar energy boost in Niepolomice. A 2015 Covenant of Mayors case study. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/IMG/pdf/Niepolomice_2016.pdf.
Dworakowska, A. (Ed.). (2016). Efektywność energetyczna w Polsce. Przegląd 2015, Instytut Ekonomii Środowiska, Cracow.
Energiaodnowa. (2018). Raport z badań sondażowych opinii społecznej dotyczącej energetyki w Polsce. Retrieved from http://energiaodnowa.pl/en/2018/04/19/most-poles-in-support-the-pro-climate-actions-of-the-european-union-study-results/.
European Environment Agency (EEA). (2016). Air quality in Europe—2016 report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Eurostat. (2016). Renewable energy statistics. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Renewable_energy_statistics.
Eurostat. (2017a). Energy datasheets: EU-28 countries. EU Commission, DG ENER, Unit A4, Energy Statistics. Retrieved August 1, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/data-analysis/country.
Eurostat. (2017b). Energy from renewable sources. Retrieved July 17, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Energy_from_renewable_sources.
Eurostat. (2017c). Purchasing power parities (PPPs), price level indices and real expenditures for ESA 2010 aggregate. Retrieved July 25, 2017, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/purchasing-power-parities/data/database.
Federacja Konsumentów. (2016). Jak zostać prosumentem? Raport. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from www.federacja-konsumentow.org.pl/p,1309,870ea,raport-oze.pdf.
Firląg, S., & Staniaszek, D. (2015). Finansowanie poprawy efektywności energetycznej budynków w Polsce. Raport, Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE), Warsaw.
Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/Bloomberg Energy Finance. (2016). Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016. Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved April 3, 2017, from http://www.fs-unep-centre.org.
Gawlikowska-Fyk, A. (2013). How the European union is shaping the gas market in Poland. Policy Paper, No. 8 (56), The Polish Institute of International Affairs PISM. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=13336.
Gramwzielone.pl. (2017). Jeden z wygranych aukcji zrealizuje projekty w formule obywatelskiej. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://linkis.com/gramwzielone.pl/tren/mOFug.
Instytut Energetyki Odnawialnej (IEO). (2016). Rynek fotowoltaiki w Polsce 2016, Warszawa.
Instytut Energetyki Odnawialnej (IEO). (2018). Opinia o projekcie nowelizacji uOZE, RCL, v9. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from http://ieo.pl/dokumenty/aktualnosci/06032018/opinia_ieo_najwazniejsze_zmiany_w_projekcie_ustawy_o_oze_autorstwa_me.pdf.
International Eenrgy Agency (IEA) (2017): Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Poland 2016 Review, OECD / IEA.
Janicka, A., Puacz, P., & Zys, B. (2017). Nowy system wsparcia dla źródeł odnawialnych w Polsce—pierwsza aukcja rozstrzygnięta, Briefing note. Warsaw: Clifford Chance.
Kachaniak, D., Skrzyńska, J., & Trząsalska, A. (2014). Badanie świadomości i zachowań ekologicznych mieszkańców Polski Badanie trackingowe. Raport TNS Polska for the Ministry of Environment, Warsaw.
Kukula, W., & Adamczewski, T. (2016). Analiza projektu nowelizacji ustawy o OZE. Client Earth. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from http://wiecejnizenergia.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Publikacje_analiza-projektu-nowelizacji-ustawy-o-oze-coll-pl1.pdf.
Lis, M., Miazga, A., Salach, K., Szpor, A., & Swiecicka, K. (2016). Ubóstwo energetyczne w Polsce—diagnoza i rekomendacje, Policy Brief. Warsaw: Institute for Structural Research (ISB).
Mezosi, A., Pato, Z., & Szabo, L. (2015). The assessment of the 10% interconnection target: Security of supply, market integration and CO2 impacts. Working Paper, DIW, Berlin. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from https://www.diw.de/documents/dokumentenarchiv/17/diw_01.c.508436.de/szabo.pdf.
Nowacki, S. (2016). Inwestowanie w odnawialne źródła energii szansą zrównoważonego rozwoju regionów Polski. Jak projekty solarne wpisują się w strategie zrównoważonego rozwoju i gospodarki niskoemisyjnej, Kraków. Retrieved June 10, 2018, from https://cppc.gov.pl/wp-content/uploads/6_PREZENTACJA_S.NOWACKI.pdf.
Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute in Poland. (2014). The agriculture biogas market actors in Poland. Report. Retrieved April 03, 2017, from thane.org/documents/Poland-Ag-Biogas-Market-Actors-May-2014.pdf.
Polish Information and Foreign Investments Agency (PAIZ). (2013). Energy sector in Poland. Warsaw. Retrieved April 13, 2017, from http://www.paih.gov.pl/files/?id_plik=19610.
Polish Ministry of Economic Development. (2017). Strategia na rzecz odpowiedzialnego rozwoju do roku 2020 (z perspektywą do 2030 r.), adopted by the Council of Ministers on 14.02.2017, Warsaw. Retrieved August 1, 2017, from https://www.mr.gov.pl/media/34300/SOR_2017_maly_internet_14072017_wstepPMM.pdf. For information in English visit https://www.mr.gov.pl/media/14909/ResponsibleDevelopmentPlan_pressrelease.pdf.
Polish Ministry of Economy. (2009). Polityka energetyczna Polski do 2030 roku, adopted on 10 November 2009 by the Council of Ministers. Retrieved August 1, 2017, from http://www.me.gov.pl/files/upload/8134/Polityka%20energetyczna%20ost.pdf.
Polska Agencja Prasowa (PAP). (2016). Pierwsze spółdzielcze biogazownie w woj. lubelskim. Retrieved February 22, 2016, from http://energetyka.wnp.pl/pierwsze-spoldzielcze-biogazownie-w-woj-lubelskim,264822_1_0_0.html.
REN21. (2016). Renewables 2016. Global Status Report, REN21 Secretariat, Paris.
Ropuszyńska-Surma, E., & Węglarz, M. (2017). The pro-economical behaviour of households and their knowledge about changes in the energy market. E3S Web of Conferences, Energy and Fuels 2016, Vol. 14, Cracow. Retrieved April 9, 2017, from http://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2017/02/e3sconf_ef2017_01006.pdf.
Rudźko, R. (2012). Analiza nt. wielkości strat w przesyle energii elektrycznej w Polsce. Warszawa: Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego. Retrieved July 14, 2017, from http://www.bbn.gov.pl/pl/prace-biura/publikacje/analizy-raporty-i-nota?page=1.
Schnell, C. (2016). Wykonanie celu OZE na 2020. Analiza stanu obecnego i prognoza. Warsaw: SOLIVAN Adwokaci i Radcy Prawni.
Schumacher, K., et al. (2015). How to end energy poverty? Scrutiny of current EU and member states instruments. Brussels: Study for the ITRE Committee, European Union.
Schwartzkopff, J., & Schulz, S. (2017). Climate & energy snapshot: Poland. The political economy of the low-carbon transition. Briefing Paper, E3G, Brussels.
Sudak, I. (2015). W Polsce brakuje prądu, wprowadzono stopnie zasilania. Czy grozi nam blackout? Retrieved February 22, 2016, from http://wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,100896,18528741,w-polsce-brakuje-pradu-wprowadzono-stopnie-zasilania.html#ixzz3xz4aiuYO.
The European Wind Association (EWEA). (2013). Eastern winds. Emerging European wind power market. A report by the European Wind Energy Association, EWEA.
Urząd Statystyczny w Krakowie (UStat). (2017). Statystyczne Vademecum Samorządowca 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2018, from https://krakow.stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_malopolskie/portrety_gmin/powiat_wielicki/niepolomice.pdf.
Węglarz, A., Winkowska, E., Wójcik, W., Kaul, M., Goebel, K., Schreiber, F., Kind, C., & Peichert, H. (2015). A low-emission economy starts with municipalities. A handbook for polish municipalities. Berlin: adelphi.
Wiśniewski, G. (2016, January 13). Wkład prosumentów w rozwój OZE w Polsce, Presentation held at the conference Energia obywatelska, rola regionów, miast i społeczności lokalnych w nowej polityce energetycznej—potencjały i wyzwania, Warsaw.
Wiśniewski, G., & Dziamski, P. (2015), Energetyka obywatelska na terenach wiejskich. Polski Klub Ekologiczny Okręg Mazowiecki. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from http://www.gospodarzzenergia.pl/raporty,energetyka-obywatelska-na-terenach-wiejskich,v12.
Wiśniewski, G., & Oniszk-Popławska, A. (2015). Krajowy Plan Rozwoju Mikroinstalacji Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii do roku 2030. Warsaw: Instytut Energetyki Odnawialnej.
Wolańska, K. (2017a). Efektywność energetyczna i odnawialne źródła energii w budynkach wielorodzinnych. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from http://chronmyklimat.pl/wiadomosci/efektywnosc-energetyczna-i-odnawialne-zrodla-energii-w-budynkach-wielorodzinnych.
Wolańska, K. (2017b). Reportaż—Instalacja hybrydowa łącząca dwa odnawialne źródła energii. Wspólnota Mieszkaniowa “Śląska 12” w Szczytnie. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from http://chronmyklimat.pl/wiadomosci/reportaz-instalacja-hybrydowa-laczaca-dwa-odnawialne-zrodla-energii-wspolnota-mieszkaniowa-slaska-12-w-szczytnie.
Acknowledgement
This chapter is based on the country assessment “Updated report on investment conditions in Poland”, deliverable 2.1 of the HORIZON 2020 project SCORE, Grant Agreement 784960.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goebel, K. (2019). Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Poland. In: Lowitzsch, J. (eds) Energy Transition. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93517-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93518-8
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)