Abstract
Due to favourable government incentives, and spatial and financial accessibility, the prevalent technology for prosumership has been solar PV. However, it should be noted that in Italy a legal framework addressing prosumership is still absent, and there is there no official definition of prosumership. Although no national regulation concerning prosumer rights has been enacted yet, many proposals have been debated or are awaiting discussion in Parliament. However, consumer (co-)ownership received explicit recognition of its crucial role in the 2018 recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) as part of the Clean Energy Package. Furthermore, in April 2018 the Horizon 2020 project SCORE was launched with the aim to facilitate consumers to become (co-)owners of RE in three European pilot regions, one of them being the Susa Valley, employing a Consumer Stock Ownership Plan. RE consumer (co-)ownership can be set up in the form of a cooperative; these started to emerge from the beginning of the twentieth century. If these cooperatives are non-profit only 30 to 55 per cent of their revenues are taxed. Municipalization of energy services is gaining importance, with municipal utilities playing an important role in attracting investment in RE infrastructure and often entering into public—private partnerships. Public utilities in the energy sector usually have the legal form of joint stock companies, with a majority of public ownership and the remaining shares in the hands of various shareholders such as SMEs, citizens as individual investors, associations, and NGOs.
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Notes
- 1.
In Italy the production of electricity from nuclear power commenced in the early 1960s. In these years Italy was the third largest producer in the world after the UK and the USA.
- 2.
Italy’s National Energy Strategy 2017 lays down the actions to be implemented by 2030 in accordance with the long-term scenario drawn up in the EU Energy Roadmap 2050, which provides for a reduction of emissions by at least 80 per cent compared to 1990 levels.
- 3.
ENEL Distribution is the national DSO, covering 86 per cent of Italy’s electricity demand. The most important local operators are A2A, ACEA, IRIDE, DEVAL, and HERA.
- 4.
An optimally oriented and inclined PV system can produce on average 1000 kWh per kWp when installed in Northern Italy and 1500 kWh per kWp when installed in Southern Italy (GSE 2016).
- 5.
It is difficult to separate the two categories as Italy’s economy is characterised by a large population of micro enterprises mostly in sole proprietorship by individuals or families.
- 6.
For more details see the list of government approved biomass plants, available in Italian at http://www.salute.gov.it/consultazioneStabilimenti/ConsultazioneStabilimentiServlet?ACTION=gestioneSingolaCategoria&idNormativa=3&idCategoria=6.
- 7.
The largest wind power farm in Italy is located in the Sardinian municipalities of Buddusò and Ala dei Sardi and is owned by Falck Renewables. With an installed capacity of 138 MW, it is also one of the largest in Europe (Windpower n.d.).
- 8.
That is, the relatively small size of solar PV installations and the favourable financing options provided by banks developing a specific line of credit for the purchasing of installations in accordance with government incentives.
- 9.
“SCORE” = Supporting Consumer Ownership in Renewable Energy (CSA 2018–2020) Grant Agreement 784960.
- 10.
The average consumption for a flat of 75 square metres is 101 kWh of electricity per month; the average consumption for a family with an autonomous heat system is around 1000–1100 cubic metres of gas per year (see https://luce-gas.it/faq/consumo-gas-medio-famiglia).
- 11.
Miniaci et al. (2008) point out families’ vulnerability due to the elevated incidence of their energy expenses amounting to 4.7 per cent for electric energy and 11.9 per cent for heating on average of households’ monthly income.
- 12.
Adjustment introduced by the Decree of the Office of Economic Development of 29 December 2016.
- 13.
Electricity from RES other than PV fed into the grid is charged by the electricity system operator GSE at a 10 per cent VAT—instead of the usual 22 per cent (delibera n. 74/2008 AEEG).
- 14.
Planned installations below certain capacity thresholds, that is, 60 kW for wind energy, 20 kW for PV, 200 kW for biomass, and 250 kW for biogas, can be authorised through a relatively simple procedure, which covers all required permits and environmental impact assessments. A simplified procedure, based mainly on written communication between the project developer and the local authorities, is also in place for most micro plants (detailed information available in Italian on https://www.gse.it/normativa/autorizzazioni).
- 15.
If production exceeds 2 million kWh, the surplus is subject to the market price (Art. 7 AEEG 280/07). The Ritiro Dedicatoprogramme is not eligible for plants that benefit from other incentive schemes.
- 16.
The first FIT system for PV in Italy was the so-called Conto Energia established by Ministerial Decree 28 July 2005. Government Decree no. 91 of 16 October 2014 introduced retrospective changes for this FIT reducing the amount of subsidies. This was contested by plant operators but in the end upheld by the Constitutional Court.
- 17.
Until 1999 support for RES was based on a quota system, in which plant operators producing electricity from RES received a tradable certificate of origin, Green Certificate, for each MWh produced. Electricity suppliers were obliged to acquire the certificates issued by the GSE per Bersani Decree no. 79/1999. Fossil energy producers unable to convert a percentage of their production into RES production each year were obliged to buy the corresponding amount of Green Certificates. Installations that went into operation before 4 April 1999 can still use the certificate scheme. In these cases the scheme functions parallel to the auction system.
- 18.
See Deliberazione 570/2012/R/efr AEEG—Testo integrato dello scambio sul posto (TISP).
- 19.
These levies include expenses for the promotion of RES and research in this sector, the financing of special tariffs, the dismantling of nuclear plants, the coverage of the electric bonus, the promotion of energy efficiency, and compensations for small energy companies.
- 20.
See Decree 3821 of 3 May 2016 issued by the regional government of Lombardy.
- 21.
The typical 3 kW domestic plant costs about EUR 6,000, which, thanks to a 50 per cent tax deduction, comes down to around EUR 3,000 in actual cost (Gravina n.d.). In some parts of the country, it is necessary to requalify the the building stock, as old buildings have high walls, inefficient isolation features, and suboptimal locations of heating and lighting points.
- 22.
For a list of current Italian ESCOs with UNI CEI 11352 certificate see http://fire-italia.org/elenco-esco-certificate-11352/.
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Acknowledgement
This chapter is based on the country assessment “Updated report on investment conditions in Italy”, deliverable 2.1 of the HORIZON 2020 project SCORE, Grant Agreement 784960.
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Borroni, A., van Tulder, F. (2019). Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Italy. In: Lowitzsch, J. (eds) Energy Transition. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_14
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