Abstract
The Electricity Reform–Agreement of 1999 between the Government and a broad majority in Parliament restructuring the electricity market stated that in the grid companies, directly or indirectly, elected consumer representatives must have a controlling influence. The energy policy agreement 2008-2012 included in the new Act on Renewable Energy further supported the consumer (co-)ownership in onshore wind turbines with the right to local ownership of 20 per cent for land turbines now also applying for large-scale solar PV for 2018 and 2019. Furthermore, consumer (co-)ownership received explicit recognition of its crucial role in the 2018 recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) as part of the Clean Energy Package. There is a long historic tradition for cooperative ownership in the Danish energy sector. Electricity and district heating companies were founded by municipalities in the larger cities and by consumer cooperatives outside the large cities, and small wind turbines are often owned by cooperatives or individuals. Today, cooperatives and municipalities own DSOs and district heating companies. Furthermore, individual farmers and cooperatives of farmers installed biogas plants, while almost 100,000 solar PV systems have been installed primarily on individual houses over the past five years. The Danish Energy Association estimates that in 2017, among the 2.7 million households, about 60,000 heat pumps and about 100,000 wood pellet heaters are in use.
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Notes
- 1.
Based on the experience of the cooperative movement, families bought shares of wind turbines in relation to their electricity consumption. At its peak 100,000 Danes were (co-)owners of a wind turbine (DK Vind n.d.).
- 2.
In 2001 of 2332 MW installed capacity, 60 per cent was owned by individual investors, 24 per cent by cooperatives, 15 per cent by power companies and 1 per cent by other investors (DK Vind n.d.).
- 3.
After limiting the capacity of PV to 800 MW in a 2013 agreement between the Government and a broad majority in Parliament, in 2014, the parties agreed to increase the limit to 914 MW. After new estimates showed that the total capacity would reach 1350 MW in 2020 and 2235 MW in 2030, legislative action was taken to limit the subsidies to PV. The 85,700 small PV up to 6 kW will keep their existing net metering until 2032 (see commentaries to the proposal).
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Rønne, A., Gerhardt Nielsen, F. (2019). Consumer (Co-)Ownership in Renewables in Denmark. In: Lowitzsch, J. (eds) Energy Transition. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93518-8_11
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