Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease (NTM PD) in the USA

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease

Part of the book series: Respiratory Medicine ((RM))

Abstract

Population-based studies of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in the USA indicate increasing prevalence. Prevalence is higher among women, older populations, and persons of Asian ancestry. The most frequent species is Mycobacterium avium complex, although the proportion varies geographically, with high rates of Mycobacterium abscessus in areas including the Southeast. Both host and environmental factors modulate disease risk. Environmental risk factors include high vapor pressure and low soil pH, while host risk factors include structural lung disease, thoracic skeletal abnormalities, and immunomodulatory medications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Timpe A, Runyon EH. The relationship of atypical acid-fast bacteria to human disease; a preliminary report. J Lab Clin Med. 1954;44(2):202–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Parte AC. LPSN – list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(Database issue):D613–6. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201610-802PS.

  3. Winthrop KL, Henkle E, Walker A, Cassidy M, Hedberg K, Schafer S. On the Reportability of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease to public health authorities. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;14(3):314–7. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201610-802PS.

  4. Salfinger M, Falkinham JO, Leitman PB. Has the time come to require nontuberculous mycobacteria reporting? NTM-TB Insights. 2016:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Prevots DR, Shaw PA, Strickland D, Jackson LA, Raebel MA, Blosky MA, Montes de Oca R, Shea YR, Seitz AE, Holland SM, Olivier KN. Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease prevalence at four integrated health care delivery systems. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:970–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Adjemian J, Frankland TB, Daida YG, Honda JR, Oliver KN, Zelazny A, Honda S, Prevots DR. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease and tuberculosis, Hawaii, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(3):439–47. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2303.161827.

  7. Smith GS, Ghio AJ, Stout JE, Messier KP, Hudgens EE, Murphy MS, Pfaller SL, Maillard JM, Hilborn ED. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolations among central North Carolina residents, 2006-2010. J Infect. 2016;72(6):678–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2016.03.008.

  8. Winthrop KL, McNelley E, Kendall B, Marshall-Olson A, Morris C, Cassidy M, Saulson A, Hedberg K. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease prevalence and clinical features: an emerging public health disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:977–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Henkle E, Hedberg K, Schafer SD, Winthrop KL. Surveillance of extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections, Oregon, USA, 2007-2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(10):1627–30. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2310.170845.

  10. Donohue MJ, Wymer L. Increasing prevalence rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections in five states, 2008-2013. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(12):2143–50. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201605-353OC.

  11. Olivier KN, Weber DJ, Wallace RJ Jr, Faiz AR, Lee JH, Zhang Y, Brown-Elliot BA, Handler A, Wilson RW, Schechter MS, Edwards LJ, Chakraborti S, Knowles MR. Nontuberculous mycobacteria. I: multicenter prevalence study in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(6):828–34. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200207-678OC.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Adjemian J, Olivier KN, Prevots DR. Nontuberculous mycobacteria among cystic fibrosis patients in the United States: screening practices and environmental risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(5):581–6. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201405-0884OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Adjemian J, Olivier KN, Seitz AE, Holland SM, Prevots DR. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in U.S. medicare beneficiaries. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(8):881–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Vinnard C, Longworth S, Mezochow A, Patrawalla A, Kreiswirth BN, Hamilton K. Deaths related to nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in the United States, 1999-2014. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(11):1951–5. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201606-474BC.

  15. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, Catanzaro A, Daley C, Gordin F, Holland SM, Horsburgh R, Huitt G, Iademarco MF, Iseman M, Olivier K, Ruoss S, von Reyn CF, Wallace RJ Jr, Winthrop K, Subcommittee ATSMD, American Thoracic Society, Infectious Disease Society of America. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):367–416. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Henkle E, Hedberg K, Schafer S, Novosad S, Winthrop KL. Population-based incidence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in Oregon 2007 to 2012. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(5):642–7. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201412-559OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Statistics Canada. Population and dwelling count highlight tables, 2016 census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Marras TK, Mendelson D, Marchand-Austin A, May K, Jamieson FB. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, Ontario, Canada, 1998-2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(11):1889–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Winthrop KL, Baxter R, Liu L, McFarland B, Austin D, Varley C, Radcliffe L, Suhler E, Choi D, Herrinton LJ. The reliability of diagnostic coding and laboratory data to identify tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease among rheumatoid arthritis patients using anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(3):229–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Adjemian J, Prevots DR, Gallagher J, Heap K, Gupta R, Griffith D. Lack of adherence to evidence-based treatment guidelines for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201304-085OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Strollo SE, Adjemian J, Adjemian MK, Prevots DR. The burden of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in the United States. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(10):1458–64. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201503-173OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Diel R, Ringshausen FC, Richter E, Welker L, Schmitz J, Nienhaus A. Microbiological and clinical outcomes of treating non-MAC NTM pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2017;152(1):120–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Novosad SA, Henkle E, Schafer S, Hedberg K, Ku J, Siegel SA, Choi D, Slatore CG, Winthrop KL. Mortality after respiratory isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria: a comparison of patients who did and did not meet disease criteria. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(7):1112–9. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201610-800OC.

  24. Prevots DR, Adjemian J, Fernandez AG, Knowles MR, Olivier KN. Environmental risks for nontuberculous mycobacteria: individual exposures and climatic factors in the cystic fibrosis population. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(7):1032–8. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201404-184OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Dirac MA, Horan KL, Doody DR, Meschke JS, Park DR, Jackson LA, Weiss NS, Winthrop KL, Cangelosi GA. Environment or host?: a casecontrol study of risk factors for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(7):684–91. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201205-0825OC.

  26. Maekawa K, Ito Y, Hirai T, Kubo T, Imai S, Tatsumi S, Fujita K, Takakura S, Niimi A, Iinuma Y, Ichiyama S, Togashi K, Mishima M. Environmental risk factors for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease. Chest. 2011;140(3):723–9. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-2315.

  27. Adjemian J, Olivier KN, Seitz AE, Falkinham JO 3rd, Holland SM, Prevots DR. Spatial clusters of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(6):553–8. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201205-0913OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Lipner EM, Knox D, French J, Rudman J, Strong M, Crooks JL. A geospatial epidemiologic analysis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: an ecological study in Colorado. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(10):1523–32. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201701-081OC.

  29. Brode SK, Jamieson FB, Ng R, Campitelli MA, Kwong JC, Paterson JM, Li P, Marchand-Austin A, Bombardier C, Marras TK. Risk of mycobacterial infections associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Ontario, Canada. Chest. 2014;146(3):563–72. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-2058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lande L, Peterson DD, Gogoi R, Daum G, Stampler K, Kwait R, Yankowski C, Hauler K, Danley J, Sawicki K, Sawicki J. Association between pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection and lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7(9):1345–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e31825abd49.

  31. Noone PG, Leigh MW, Sannuti A, Minnix SL, Carson JL, Hazucha M, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR. Primary ciliary dyskinesia: diagnostic and phenotypic features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169(4):459–67. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200303-365OC.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fowler CJ, Olivier KN, Leung JM, Smith CC, Huth AG, Root H, Kuhns DB, Logun C, Zelazny A, Frein CA, Daub J, Haney C, Shelhamer JH, Bryant CE, Holland SM. Abnormal nasal nitric oxide production, ciliary beat frequency, and toll-like receptor response in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease epithelium. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(12):1374–81. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201212-2197OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Winthrop KL, Baxter R, Liu L, Varley CD, Curtis JR, Baddley JW, McFarland B, Austin D, Radcliffe L, Suhler E, Choi D, Rosenbaum JT, Herrinton LJ. Mycobacterial diseases and antitumour necrosis factor therapy in USA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(1):37–42. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200690.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kim RD, Greenberg DE, Ehrmantraut ME, Guide SV, Ding L, Shea Y, Brown MR, Chernick M, Steagall WK, Glasgow CG, Lin JP, Jolley C, Sorbara L, Raffeld M, Hill S, Avila N, Sachdev V, Barnhart LA, Anderson VL, Claypool L, Hilligoss DM, Garofalo M, Fitzgerald A, Anaya-O'Brien S, Darnell D, DeCastro R, Menning HM, Ricklefs SM, Porcella SF, Olivier KN, Moss J, Holland SM. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease: prospective study of a distinct preexisting syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178:1066–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Leung JM, Fowler C, Smith C, Adjemian J, Frein C, Claypool RJ, Holland SM, Prevots RD, Olivier K. A familial syndrome of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(11):1373–6. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201306-1059LE.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Colombo RE, Hill SC, Claypool RJ, Holland SM, Olivier KN. Familial clustering of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Chest. 2010;137(3):629–34. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Szymanski EP, Leung JM, Fowler CJ, Haney C, Hsu AP, Chen F, Duggal P, Oler AJ, McCormack R, Podack E, Drummond RA, Lionakis MS, Browne SK, Prevots DR, Knowles M, Cutting G, Liu X, Devine SE, Fraser CM, Tettelin H, Olivier KN, Holland SM. Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. A multisystem, multigenic disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(5):618–28. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201502-0387OC.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Edwards LB, Acquaviva FA, Livesay VT, Cross FW, Palmer CE. Clinical and laboratory studies of tuberculosis and respiratory disease: the navy recruit program. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969;99(4(2)):1–132.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kirschner RA Jr, Parker BC, Falkinham JO III. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum in acid, brown-water swamps of the southeastern United States and their association with environmental variables. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145(2 Pt 1):271–5. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/145.2_Pt_1.271.

  40. Spaulding AB, Lai YL, Zelazny AM, Olivier KN, Kadri SS, Prevots DR, Adjemian J. Geographic distribution of nontuberculous mycobacterial species identified among clinical isolates in the United States, 2009-2013. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(11):1655–61. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201611-860OC.

  41. Falkinham JO 3rd. Nontuberculous mycobacteria from household plumbing of patients with nontuberculous mycobacteria disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(3):419–24. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1703.101510.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Thomson R, Tolson C, Carter R, Coulter C, Huygens F, Hargreaves M. Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) from household water and shower aerosols in patients with pulmonary disease caused by NTM. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(9):3006–11. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00899-13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Schulze-Robbecke R, Buchholtz K. Heat susceptibility of aquatic mycobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992;58(6):1869–73.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. De Groote MA, Pace NR, Fulton K, Falkinham JO 3rd. Relationships between Mycobacterium isolates from patients with pulmonary mycobacterial infection and potting soils. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(12):7602–6. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00930-06.

  45. Fujita K, Ito Y, Hirai T, Maekawa K, Imai S, Tatsumi S, Niimi A, Iinuma Y, Ichiyama S, Mishima M. Genetic relatedness of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex isolates from patients with pulmonary MAC disease and their residential soils. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European society of. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;19(6):537–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03929.x.

  46. Aitken ML, Limaye A, Pottinger P, Whimbey E, Goss CH, Tonelli MR, Cangelosi GA, Olivier KN, Brown-Elliott BA, McNulty S, Wallace RJ Jr. Respiratory outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense in a lung transplant and cystic fibrosis center. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:231–2.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Bryant JM, Grogono DM, Greaves D, Foweraker J, Roddick I, Inns T, Reacher M, Haworth CS, Curran MD, Harris SR, Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Floto RA. Whole-genome sequencing to identify transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus between patients with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2013;381(9877):1551–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60632-7.

  48. Bryant JM, Grogono DM, Rodriguez-Rincon D, Everall I, Brown KP, Moreno P, Verma D, Hill E, Drijkoningen J, Gilligan P, Esther CR, Noone PG, Giddings O, Bell SC, Thomson R, Wainwright CE, Coulter C, Pandey S, Wood ME, Stockwell RE, Ramsay KA, Sherrard LJ, Kidd TJ, Jabbour N, Johnson GR, Knibbs LD, Morawska L, Sly PD, Jones A, Bilton D, Laurenson I, Ruddy M, Bourke S, Bowler IC, Chapman SJ, Clayton A, Cullen M, Daniels T, Dempsey O, Denton M, Desai M, Drew RJ, Edenborough F, Evans J, Folb J, Humphrey H, Isalska B, Jensen-Fangel S, Jonsson B, Jones AM, Katzenstein TL, Lillebaek T, MacGregor G, Mayell S, Millar M, Modha D, Nash EF, O'Brien C, O'Brien D, Ohri C, Pao CS, Peckham D, Perrin F, Perry A, Pressler T, Prtak L, Qvist T, Robb A, Rodgers H, Schaffer K, Shafi N, van Ingen J, Walshaw M, Watson D, West N, Whitehouse J, Haworth CS, Harris SR, Ordway D, Parkhill J, Floto RA. Emergence and spread of a human-transmissible multidrug-resistant nontuberculous mycobacterium. Science (New York, NY). 2016;354(6313):751–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Tettelin H, Davidson RM, Agrawal S, Aitken ML, Shallom S, Hasan NA, Strong M, de Moura VC, De Groote MA, Duarte RS, Hine E, Parankush S, Su Q, Daugherty SC, Fraser CM, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr, Holland SM, Sampaio EP, Olivier KN, Jackson M, Zelazny AM. High-level relatedness among Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense strains from widely separated outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(3):364–71. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2003.131106.

  50. Malcolm KC, Caceres SM, Honda JR, Davidson RM, Epperson LE, Strong M, Chan ED, Nick JA. Mycobacterium abscessus displays fitness for fomite transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00562-17.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Shelby Daniel-Wayman, Jennifer Adjemian & D. Rebecca Prevots

  2. United States Public Health Service, Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA

    Jennifer Adjemian

Authors
  1. Shelby Daniel-Wayman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jennifer Adjemian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. D. Rebecca Prevots
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Rebecca Prevots .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX, USA

    David E. Griffith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Daniel-Wayman, S., Adjemian, J., Rebecca Prevots, D. (2019). Epidemiology of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease (NTM PD) in the USA. In: Griffith, D. (eds) Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease. Respiratory Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93473-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93473-0_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93472-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93473-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation