Skip to main content

Economic Theories of Demographic Change

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Economics and Ageing
  • 601 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter covers the scholarship on the economic determinants and theories of the three main demographic variables behind population ageing: fertility, mortality, and migration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aday, Ron H., and Laurie A. Miles. Long-Term Impacts of Rural Migration of the Elderly: Implications for Research. The Gerontologist 22 (3) (1982): 331–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akerlund, Ulrika. Understanding the Production and Performance Aspects of Lifestyle Mobilities. In Practising the Good Life Lifestyle Migration in Practices. Edited by Kate Torkington, Inês David, and João Sardinha. 86–104. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albanese, Paul J. The Changing Motivation for Having Children. In Applied Behavioral Economics. Edited by Shlomo Maital. 255–268. London: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988a.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. The Formation and Change of Fertility Preferences: A Case Study of the Generational Change in the Size of the Italian Family in the United States. Journal of Behavioral Economics 17 (1) (1988b): 35–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, Stacy L. et al. Health Span Approximates Life Span Among Many Supercentenarians: Compression of Morbidity at the Approximate Limit of Life Span. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 67 (4) (2012): 395–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anson, Jon, and Marc Luy. Mortality in an International Perspective. European Studies of Population. Basel: Springer, 2014.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Antonovsky, Aaron. Social Class, Life Expectancy and Overall Mortality. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 45 (2) (1967): 31–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ariizumi, Hideki, and Tammy Schirle. Are Recessions Really Good for Your Health? Evidence from Canada. Social Science & Medicine 74 (8) (2012): 1224–1231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnesen, Egil, and Anders Forsdahl. The Tromsö Heart Study: Coronary Risk Factors and Their Association with Living Conditions During Childhood. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 39 (3) (1985): 210–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arriaga, Eduardo E. Measuring and Explaining the Change in Life Expectancies. Demography 21 (1) (1984): 83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banister, Judith, and Xiaobo Zhang. China, Economic Development and Mortality Decline. World Development 33 (1) (2005): 21–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bar, Michael, and Oksana Leukhina. Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation. Review of Economic Dynamics 13 (2010a): 422–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. The Role of Mortality in the Transmission of Knowledge. Journal of Economic Growth 15 (4) (2010b): 291–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barro, Robert J., and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. Economic Growth. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastiat, Frédéric. Ce qu’on voit et ce qu’on ne voit pas ou l’economie politique en une leçon. Paris: Librairie de Guillaumin et Ce, 1850.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battistin, Erich, Michele De Nadai, and Mario Padula. Roadblocks on the Road to Grandma’s House: Fertility Consequences of Delayed Retirement. IZA Discussion Papers 8071. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary S. An Economic Analysis of Fertility. In Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries, 209–240. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary S., and Robert J. Barro. Population Growth and Economic Growth. In Workshop in Applications of Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. A Reformulation of the Economic Theory of Fertility. Quarterly Journal of Economics 103 (1) (1988): 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. Fertility Choice in a Model of Economic Growth. Econometrica 57 (2) (1989): 481–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary S., and H. Gregg Lewis. On the Interaction Between the Quantity and Quality of Children. Journal of Political Economy 81 (2) (1973): S279–S288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Gary S., Kevin M. Murphy, and Robert Tamura. “Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 98 (5) (1990): S12–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belloni, Michele et al. Lifetime Income and Old Age Mortality Risk in Italy Over Two Decades. Demographic Research 29 (45) (2013): 1261–1298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, Yoram. The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings. Journal of Political Economy 75 (1967): 352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, Michaela. A Desire for Difference: British Lifestyle Migration to Southwest France. In Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences. Edited by Michaela Benson and Karen O’Reilly Farnham. 121–136. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, Michaela, and Karen O’Reilly. Lifestyle Migration: Expectations, Aspirations and Experiences. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berin, Barnet N., George J. Stolnitz, and Aaron Tenenbein. Mortality Trends of Males and Females Over the Ages. Transactions of the Society of Actuaries 41 (1989): 9–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bermingham, John R. Immigration: Not a Solution to Problems of Population Decline and Aging. Population and Environment 22 (4) (2001): 355–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billari, Francesco C., and Gianpiero Dalla-Zuanna. Is Replacement Migration Actually Taking Place in Low Fertility Countries? Genus 67 (3) (2011): 105–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billingsley, Sunnee, and Tommy Ferrarini. Family Policy and Fertility Intentions in 21 European Countries. Journal of Marriage and Family 76 (2) (2014): 428–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blakely, Tony et al. Income and Mortality: The Shape of the Association and Confounding New Zealand Census-Mortality Study 1981–1999. International Journal of Epidemiology 33 (4) (2004): 874–883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, David E., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia. The World Bank Economic Review 12 (3) (1998): 419–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borghol, Nada et al. Associations with Early-Life Socio-Economic Position in Adult DNA Methylation. International Journal of Epidemiology 41 (1) (2011): 62–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottazzi, Renata, Tullio Jappelli, and Mario Padula. Retirement Expectations, Pension Reforms, and Their Impact on Private Wealth Accumulation. Journal of Public Economics 90 (12) (2006): 2187–2212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, Pierre. La distinction: critique sociale du jugement. Collection Le sens commun. Paris: Edition de Minuit, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourguignon, François, and Pierre-André Chiappori. Collective Models of Household Behavior: An Introduction. European Economic Review 36 (2–3) (1992): 355–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, Don E. Litwak and Longino’s Developmental Model of Later-Life Migration: Evidence from the American Community Survey 2005–2007. Journal of Applied Gerontology 30 (2) (2011): 141–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, M. Harvey. Mortality and the National Economy: A Review and the Experience of England and Wales, 1936–76. The Lancet 314 (8142) (1979): 568–573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. L. et al. Rural Retirement Migration. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, John Charles. The Wealth Flows Theory of Fertility Decline. In Determinants of Fertility Trends: Theories Re-examined. Edited by Charlotte, Höhn and Rainer Mackensen. 169–188. Liege: Ordina Editions, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. On Net Intergenerational Wealth Flows: An Update. Population and Development Review 31 (4) (2005): 721–740.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, John C. Demographic Transition Theory. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canudas-Romo, Vladimir. Three Measures of Longevity: Time Trends and Record Values. Demography 47 (2) (2010): 299–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, James R. Life span. In Encyclopedia of Population. Edited by Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan Reference USA Thomson Gale, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnes, B. A., and S. Jay Olshansky. A Realist View of Aging, Mortality, and Future Longevity. Population and Development Review 33 (2007): 367–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castro, Marcia Caldas de. Changes in Mortality and Life Expectancy: Some Methodological Issues. Mathematical Population Studies 9 (3–4) (2001): 181–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cigno, Alessandro. “Children and Pensions.” Journal of Population Economics 5 (3) (1992): 175–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cigno, Alessandro, and Furio C. Rosati. “Jointly Determined Saving and Fertility Behaviour: Theory, and Estimates for Germany, Italy, UK and USA.” European Economic Review 40 (8) (1996): 1561–1589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cigno, Alessandro, and Martin Werding. Children and Pensions. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cigno, Alessandro, Luca Casolaro, and Furio C. Rosati. “The Impact of Social Security on Saving and Fertility in Germany.” FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis 59 (2) (2002): 189–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, David E., Thomas A. Knapp, and Nancy E. White. “Personal and Location-Specific Characteristics and Elderly Interstate Migration.” Growth and Change 27 (1996): 327–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coale, Ansley J. “Demographic Effects of Below-Replacement Fertility and Their Social Implications.” Population and Development Review 12 (1986): 203–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb-Clark, Deborah A., and Steven Stillman. “Return Migration and the Age Profile of Retirement Among Immigrants.” IZA Journal of Migration 2(1) (2013): 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, David A. “International Migration: Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences in the United Kingdom and Europe.” International Migration Review 29 (1995): 155–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constant, Amelie F., and Klaus F. Zimmermann. “Migration, Ethnicity and Economic Integration.” In International Handbook on the Economics of Integration: Factor Mobility Agriculture Environment and Quantitative Studies. Edited by Miroslav Jovanovi. 145–168. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, Karen Smith, and Andrew J. Houtenville. “Elderly Migration and State Fiscal Policy: Evidence from the 1990 Census Migration Flows.” National Tax Journal 54 (1) (2001): 103–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, Karen Smith, and Andrew J. Houtenville. “Out with the Old, In with the Old: A Closer Look at Younger Versus Older Elderly Migration.” Social Science Quarterly 84 (2) (2003): 309–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, Karen Smith, and Jonathan C. Rork. “State “Death” Taxes and Elderly Migration The Chicken or the Egg?” National Tax Journal 59 (1) (2006): 97–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “No Country for Old Men (or Women)-Do State Tax Policies Drive Away the Elderly?” National Tax Journal 65 (2) (2012): 313–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulangeon, Philippe, and Julien Duval. The Routledge Companion to Bourdieu’s ‘Distinction’. Culture, Economy and the Social. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014. ISBN: 9781317918981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croix, David de la, and Omar Licandro. “Life Expectancy and Endogenous Growth.” Economics Letters 65 (2) (1999): 255–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croll, Elisabeth. Endangered Daughters. Discrimination and Development in Asia. London: Routledge, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, Mary C. et al. “Macro-to-Micro Links in the Relation Between Income Inequality and Mortality.” Milbank Quarterly 76 (3) (1998): 315–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, Creina. “Economic Growth, Gender Wage Gap and Fertility Rebound.” Economic Record 88 (2012): 88–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, Gordon F, and James T. Fawcett. “Motivations for Migration: An Assessment and a Value-Expectancy Research Model.” Migration Decision Making Multidisciplinary Approaches to Microlevel Studies in Developed and Developing Countries. Edited by Gordon F. De Jong and Robert W. Gardner. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Croix, David. “Adult Longevity and Economic Take-Off from Malthus to Ben-Porath.” In Institutional and Social Dynamics of Growth and Distribution. Edited by Salvadori Neri. Chap. 8, 172–190. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2009..

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Croix, David, Thomas Lindh, and Bo Malmberg. “Demographic Change and Economic Growth in Sweden: 1750–2050.” Journal of Macroeconomics 31 (1) (2009): 132–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Santis, Gustavo. “Can Immigration Solve the Aging Problem in Italy? Not Really.” Genus 67 (3) (2011): 37–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deaton, Angus. “Health, Inequality, and Economic Development.” Journal of Economic Literature 41 (1) (2003): 113–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denslow, David, and Natalia Pakhotina. “The Effect of Local Taxes and Spending on the Migration of the Elderly to High-Amenity Destinations.” In Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association, 407–414, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Giulio, Paola, Cecilia Reynaud, and Luca Vergaglia. “How Internal and International Migrations Have Shaped the Age Structure of the Italian Regions, 1955–2008.” In Proceedings of XLVI Scientific Meeting of the Italian Statistical Society 20–22 Giugno 2012, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diniz Alves, José Eustáquio, and Suzana Cavenaghi. “O Programa Bolsa Família e as Taxas de Fecundidade no Brasil.” In Programa Bolsa Família: uma década de inclusão e cidadania. Edited by Tereza Campello and Marcelo Côrtes Neri. 233–246. Brasília: IPEA Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressler, William W. “Lifestyle, Stress, and Blood Pressure in a Southern Black Community.” Psychosomatic Medicine 52 (2) (1990): 182–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duesenberry, James S. Income Saving and The Theory of Consumer Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duleep, Harriet Orcutt. “Measuring the Effect of Income on Adult Mortality Using Longitudinal Administrative Record Data.” The Journal of Human Resources 21 (2) (1986): 238–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncombe, William, Mark Robbins, and Douglas A. Wolf. “Retire to Where? A Discrete Choice Model of Residential Location.” International Journal of Population Geography 7 (4) (2001): 281–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, Christian, and Yoram Weiss. “Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 45 (2) (2007): 236–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easterlin, Richard A. “On the Relation of Economic Factors to Recent and Projected Fertility Changes.” Demography 3 (1) (1966): 131–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “What Will 1984 Be Like? Socioeconomic Implications of Recent Twists in Age Structure.” Demography 15 (4) (1978): 397–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, Isaac, and Francis T. Lui. “Intergenerational Trade, Longevity and Economic Growth.” Journal of Political Economy 99 (5) (1991): 1029–1059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Espenshade, Thomas J. “Can Immigration Slow US Population Aging?” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 13 (4) (1994): 759–768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fanti, Luciano, and Luca Gori. “A Note on Endogenous Fertility Child Allowances and Poverty Traps.” Economics Letters 117 (3) (2012): 722–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Endogenous Fertility Endogenous Lifetime and Economic Growth: The Role of Child Policies.” Journal of Population Economics 27 (2) (2014): 529–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, Caleb E. “Evolution of the Human Lifespan and Diseases of Aging: Roles of Infection, Inflammation, and Nutrition.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (Suppl. 1) (2010): 1718–1724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, Catherine et al. Statistical Distributions. Hoboken: Wiley, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, Gary M., David W. Rasmussen, and William J. Serow. “Elderly Migration as a Response to Economic Incentives.” Social Science Quarterly 69 (2) (1988a): 245–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Elderly Migration: for Sun and Money.” Population Research and Policy Review 7 (2) (1988b): 189–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fries, James F. “Aging, Natural Death, and the Compression of Morbidity.” The New England Journal of Medicine 303 (3) (1980): 130–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gale, Lewis R., and Will Carrington Heath. “Elderly Internal Migration in the United States Revisited.” Public Finance Review 28 (2) (2000): 153–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galobardes, Bruna, John W. Lynch, and George Davey Smith. “Childhood Socioeconomic Circumstances and Cause-Specific Mortality in Adulthood: Systematic Review and Interpretation.” Epidemiologic Reviews 26 (1) (2004): 7–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galor, Oded, and David N. Weil. “The Gender Gap, Fertility and Growth.” The American Economic Review 86 (3) (1996): 374–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudecker, Hans-Martin von, and Rembrandt D. Scholz. “Differential Mortality by Lifetime Earnings in Germany.” Demographic Research 17 (4) (2007): 83–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdtham, UG, and Christopher J. Ruhm. “Deaths Rise in Good Economic Times: Evidence from the OECD.” Economics & Human Biology 4 (2006): 298–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gesano, Giuseppe, and Salvatore Strozza. “Foreign Migrations and Population Aging in Italy.” Genus 67 (3) (2011): 83–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giulietti, Corrado, and Jackline Wahba. “Welfare Migration.” In International Handbook on the Economics of Migration. Chap. 26, 489–504. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gius, Mark. “The Effect of Income Taxes on Interstate Migration: An Analysis by Age and Race.” The Annals of Regional Science 46 (1) (2011): 205–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, Joshua R., Tomá Sobotka, and Aiva Jasilioniene. “The End of “Lowest-Low” Fertility?” Population and Development Review 35 (4) (2009): 663–699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, Fidel, and Troy Quast. “Macroeconomic Changes and Mortality in Mexico.” Empirical Economics 40 (2) (2011): 305–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göransson, Kristina. Conflicts and Contracts. Chinese Intergenerational Relations in Modern Singapore. Lund Monographs in Social Anthropology. Vol. 17. Lund: Department of Sociology Lund University, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinnane, Timothy W. “The Historical Fertility Transition: A Guide for Economists.” Journal of Economic Literature 49 (3) (2011): 589–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurfinkel, Enrique P. et al. “Socio Economic Crisis and Mortality Epidemiological Testimony of the Financial Collapse of Argentina.” Thrombosis Journal 3 (22) (2005): 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurley-Calvez, Tami, and Brian Hill. “Time to Retire? The Effect of State Fiscal Policies on Retirement Decisions.” The American Economic Review 101 (3) (2011): 35–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurven, Michael, and Hillard Kaplan. “Longevity Among Hunter-Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural Examination.” Population and Development Review 33 (2) (2007): 321–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haas, William H., and William J. Serow. “Amenity Retirement Migration Process: A Model and Preliminary Evidence.” The Gerontologist 33 (2) (1993): 212–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Kelly, and Irene Hardill. “Retirement Migration, the ‘Other’ Story: Caring for Frail Elderly British Citizens in Spain.” Ageing and Society (2014): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14001342.

  • Hardill, Irene et al. “Severe Health and Social Care Issues Among British Migrants Who Retire to Spain.” Ageing and Society 25 (05) (2005): 769–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayflick, Leonard. “The Future of Ageing.” Nature 408 (6809) (2000): 267–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hazan, Moshe, and Hosni Zoabi. “Does Longevity Cause Growth? A Theoretical Critique.” Journal of Economic Growth 11 (4) (2006): 363–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, Matthew J. “Easterlin Revisited: Relative Income and the Baby Boom.” Explorations in Economic History 56 (2014): 71–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, Lois Wladis, and Martin L. Hoffman. “The Value of Children to Parents.” In Psychological Perspective on Population. Edited by J. T. Fawcett. 19–76. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, Rasmus. Socioeconomic Differences in Old Age Mortality. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Holub, Martin. “Child Care Periods in Pension Systems.” In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Public Finance 2015, 74, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzmann, Robert. “Demographic Alternatives for Aging Industrial Countries: Increased Total Fertility Rate, Labor Force Participation, or Immigration.” In Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper, 1885. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoppa, Robert D. “Paleodemography: Looking Back and Thinking Ahead.” In Paleodemography Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. Edited by Robert D. Hoppa and James W. Vaupel. 9–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Huete, Raquel, Alejandro Mantecón, and Jesús Estévez. “Challenges in Lifestyle Migration Research: Reflections and Findings about the Spanish Crisis.” Mobilities 8 (3) (2013): 331–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huguet, Jerrold W. “Can Migration Avert Population Decline and Ageing in East and Southeast Asia?” Journal of Population Research 20 (1) (2003): 107–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huisman, M. et al. “Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality Among Elderly People in 11 European Populations.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 58 (6) (2004): 468–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hummer, Robert A., and Joseph T. Lariscy. “Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality.” International Handbook of Adult Mortality. Edited by Richard G. Rogers and Eileen M. Crimmins. 241–261. New York: Springer, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jandl, Michael, Dita Vogel, and Krystyna Iglicka. Methodological Issues in Irregular Migration Research. Technical Report, Luxembourg, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jatrana, Santosh, and Tony Blakely. “Socio-Economic Inequalities in Mortality Persist into Old Age in New Zealand: Study of All 65 Years Plus, 2001–04.” Ageing & Society 34 (06) (2014): 911–929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jylhä, Marja, and Tiina Luukkaala. “Social Determinants of Mortality in the Oldest-Old: Social Class and Individual Way-of-Life.” In Human Longevity, Individual Life Duration, and the Growth of the Oldest-Old Population. Edited by Shiro Horiuchi, Jean-Marie Robine, Eileen Crimmins, and Zeng Yi. 271–295. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalemli-Ozcan, Sebnem, Harl E. Ryder, and David N. Weil. “Mortality Decline, Human Capital Investment, and Economic Growth.” Journal of Development Economics 62 (1) (2000): 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalwij, Adriaan. “An Empirical Analysis of the Importance of Controlling for Unobserved Heterogeneity When Estimating the Income-Mortality Gradient.” Demographic Research 31 (30) (2014): 913–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalwij, Adriaan S., Rob J. M. Alessie, and Marike G. Knoef. “The Association Between Individual Income and Remaining Life Expectancy at the Age of 65 in the Netherlands.” Demography 50 (1) (2013): 181–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannisto, Väinö. The Advancing Frontier of Survival: Life Tables for Old Age. Monographs on Population Aging. Odense: Odense University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, George A. et al. “Inequality in Income and Mortality in the United States: Analysis of Mortality and Potential Pathways.” British Medical Journal 312 (7037) (1996): 999–1003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, Ichiro, and Bruce P. Kennedy. “Income Inequality and Health: Pathways and Mechanisms.” Health Services Research 34 (1 Pt 2) (1999): 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennan, John, and James R. Walker. “Wages, Welfare Benefits and Migration.” Journal of Econometrics 156 (1) (2010): 229–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kibele, Eva U. B. “Individual- and Area-Level Effects on Mortality Risk in Germany Both East and West, Among Male Germans Aged 65+ .” International Journal of Public Health 59 (3) (2014): 439–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Ji Man et al. “The Relationship Between Economic Status and Mortality of South Koreans, as It Relates to Average Life Expectancy.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 27 (2) (2015): NP2443–NP2457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, Dudley. “Demographic Transition Theory.” Population Studies 50 (1996): 361–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, Hans-Peter, Francesco C. Billari, and José Antonio Ortega. “The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe During the 1990s.” Population and Development Review 28 (4) (2002): 641–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuznets, Simon. Population Trends and Modern Economic Growth: Notes Toward an Historical Perspective. Center Discussion Paper 191. New Haven: Economic Growth Center Yale University, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter. “From Malthus to Modern Growth: Can Epidemics Explain the Three Regimes?” International Economic Review 44 (2) (2003): 755–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bras, Hervé. “Demographic Impact of Post-War Migration in Selected OECD Countries.” In Migration. The Demographic Aspects, 15–26. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lechman, Ewa, Piotr Dominiak, and Anna Okonowicz (2014). Fertility Rebound and Economic Growth. New Evidence for 18 Countries Over the Period 1970–2011. MPRA Paper 55104. München: University Library of Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Ronald. “The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (4) (2003): 167–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leibenstein, Harvey. Economic Backwardness and Economic Growth New York: Wiley, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • —— (1974). “An Interpretation of the Economic Theory of Fertility: Promising Path or Blind Alley?” Journal of Economic Literature 12 (2): 457–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesthaeghe, Ron. “The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries: An Interpretation.” In Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries. Edited by K. O. Mason and A. M. Jensen. 17–62. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. “The Unfolding Story of the Second Demographic Transition.” Population and Development Review 36 (2) (2010): 211–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “The Second Demographic Transition: A Concise Overview of its Development.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (51) (2014): 18112–18115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lesthaeghe, Ron, Hilary Page, and Johan Surkyn. “Sind Einwanderer ein Ersatz für Geburten? (Are Immigrants Substitutes for Births?)” Zeitschrift fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft 17 (3) (1991): 281–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, Mikael. “Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income.” Journal of Human Resources XL (1) (2005): 144–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindeboom, Maarten, France Portrait, and Gerard J. van den Berg. Individual Mortality and Macro-Economic Conditions from Birth to Death. IZA Discussion Papers 930. Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Nov 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litwak, Eugene, and Charles F. Longino. “Migration Patterns Among the Elderly: A Developmental Perspective.” The Gerontologist 27 (3) (1987): 266–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lizárraga Morales, Omar. “La inmigración de jubilados estadounidenses en México y sus prácticas transnacionales: Estudio de caso en Mazatlán, Sinaloa y Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur.” Migración y Desarrollo 11 (2008): 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobmayer, Peter, and Richard Wilkinson. “Income, Inequality and Mortality in 14 Developed Countries.” Sociology of Health & Illness 22 (4) (2000): 401–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loriaux, Michel. “Economic and Social Management of the Population Pyramid.” In Demography: Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population Studies. Edited by Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume Wunsch. Vol. 4. Burlington: Elsevier, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundholm, Emma. “Returning Home? Migration to Birthplace Among Migrants After Age 55.” Population, Space and Place 18 (1) (2012): 74–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, Wolfgang. “Low Fertility and Population Policy in Europe.” In Low Fertility and Policy Responses to Issues of Ageing and Welfare, 54–82. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, John et al. “Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 1. A Systematic Review.” Milbank Quarterly 82 (1) (2004a): 5–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, John et al. “Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 2. U.S. National and Regional Trends in Income Inequality and Age- and Cause-Specific Mortality.” Milbank Quarterly 82 (2) (2004b): 355–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macunovich, Diane J. “Relative Cohort Size, Relative Income, and Married Women’s Labor Force Participation: United States, 1968–2010.” Population and Development Review 38 (4) (2012): 631–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magnolfi, S. U. et al. “Longevity Index (LI%) and Centenarity Index (CI%): New Indicators to Evaluate the Characteristics of Aging Process in the Italian Population.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 44 (3) (2007): 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makaris, Emmanouil et al. “Greek Socio-Economic Crisis and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Southwestern Peloponnese.” International Journal of Cardiology 168 (5) (2013): 4886–4887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makaris, Emmanouil et al. “Socioeconomic Crisis and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Messinia, Greece.” Hospital Chronicles 9 (1 Sup) (2014): 134–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makiwane, Monde. The Changing Patterns of Intergenerational Relations in South Africa. In Expert Group Meeting on Dialogue and Mutual Understanding Across Generations. Expert Paper, 8–9 March 2011. Doha: United Nations, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marjavaara, Roger, and Emma Lundholm. “Does Second-Home Ownership Trigger Migration in Later Life?” Population, Space and Place (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1880.

  • Marois, Guillaume. “La “migration de remplacement”: un exercice méthodologique en rapport aux enjeux démographiques du Québec.” Cahiers québécois de démographie 37 (2) (2008): 237–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martikainen, Pekka, and T. Valkonen. “Excess Mortality of Unemployed Men and Women During a Period of Rapidly Increasing Unemployment.” The Lancet 348 (1996): 909–912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martikainen, Pekka, Tapani Valkonen, and Heta Moustgaard. “The Effects of Individual Taxable Income, Household Taxable Income, and Household Disposable Income on Mortality in Finland, 1998–2004.” Population Studies 63 (2) (2009): 147–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, Douglas S. et al. “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal.” Population and Development Review 19 (1993): 431–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonough, Peggy et al. “Income Dynamics and Adult Mortality in the United States, 1972 Through 1989” American Journal of Public Health 87 (9) (1997): 1476–1483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElroy, Marjorie B., and Mary Jean Horney. “Nash-Bargained Household Decisions: Toward A Generalization of the Theory of Demand.” International Economic Review 22 (2) (1981): 333–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, Jennifer M., and Jeffrey D. Milyo. “Income Inequality and Health.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20 (1) (2001): 151–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menard, Claude. “A New Institutional Approach to Organization.” In Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Edited by Claude Menard and Mary Shirley. 281–318. Dordrecht: Springer, 2005.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mete, Cem. “Predictors of Elderly Mortality: Health Status, Socioeconomic Characteristics and Social Determinants of Health.” Health Economics 14 (2) (2005): 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milewski, Nadja, and Anett Loth. “Residential Mobility in the Second Half of Life: The Role of Family-Related Transitions and Retirement.” In Spatial Mobility, Migration, and Living Arrangements. Edited by Can M. Aybek, Johannes Huinink, and Raya Muttarak. 225–246. Cham: Springer, 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, Douglas L. et al. “Why are Recessions Good for Your Health?” American Economic Review 99 (2009): 122–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullan, Phil. The Imaginary Time Bomb: Why an Ageing Population is Not a Social Problem. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrskylä, Mikko. “The Relative Effects of Shocks in Early-and Later-Life Conditions on Mortality.” Population and Development Review 36 (4) (2010): 803–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nauck, Bernhard. “Value of Children and the Framing of Fertility: Results from a Cross-Cultural Comparative Survey in 10 Societies.” European Sociological Review 23 (5) (2007): 615–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Value of Children and Fertility: Results from a Cross-Cultural Comparative Survey in Eighteen Areas in Asia, Africa, Europe and America.” Advances in Life Course Research 21 (2014): 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Wayne B. Applied Life Data Analysis. Hoboken: Wiley, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumayer, Eric. “Recessions Lower (Some) Mortality Rates: Evidence from Germany.” Social Science & Medicine 58 (6) (2004): 1037–1047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noguera, Carles X. Simó, and Jordi Giner Monfort. Un peu dins, un peu fora: la immigració de residents europeus al municipi de Teulada. Valencia: Universitat de València, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notkola, V. et al. “Socio-Economic Conditions in Childhood and Mortality and Morbidity Caused by Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood in Rural Finland.” Social Science & Medicine 21 (5) (1985): 517–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. Society at a Glance 2014. Paris: OECD, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehmke, James F. Satoshi Tsukamoto, and Lori A. Post. “Can Health Care Services Attract Retirees and Contribute to the Economic Sustainability of Rural Places?” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review36 (1) (2007): 95–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogburn, William F., and Dorothy S. Thomas. “The Influence of the Business Cycle on Certain Social Conditions.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 18 (139) (1922): 324–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olshansky, S. Jay, and A. Brian Ault. “The Fourth Stage of the Epidemiologic Transition: The Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases.” The Milbank Quarterly 64 (1986): 355–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omran, A. R. “The Epidemiological Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change.” The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 49 (4) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. “The Epidemiologic Transition Theory Revisited Thirty Years Later.” World Health Statistics Quarterly 51 (2-3-4) (1998): 99–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onder, Ali Sina, and Herwig Schlunk. Elderly Migration, State Taxes, and What They Reveal. Technical Report. Nashville: Department of Economics Vanderbilt University, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osler, Merete et al. “Income Inequality Individual Income, and Mortality in Danish Adults: Analysis of Pooled Data From Two Cohort Studies.” British Medical Journal 324 (7328) (2002): 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pac, Agnieszka et al. “The Role of Different Predictors in 20-year Mortality Among Krakow Older Citizens.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 56 (3) (2013): 524–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl, Judea. “Causal Inference in Statistics: An Overview.” Statistics Surveys 3 (2009): 96–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perutz, Max Ferdinand. “Long Live the Queen’s Subjects.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 352 (1363) (1997): 1919–1920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, Kate E., and Richard G. Wilkinson. “Income Inequality and Health: A Causal Review.” Social Science & Medicine 128 (2015): 316–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piore, Michael J. Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Poudyal, Neelam C., Donald G. Hodges, and H. Ken Cordell. “The Role of Natural Resource Amenities in Attracting Retirees: Implications for Economic Growth Policy.” Ecological Economics 68 (1) (2008): 240–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, Samuel H. “The Changing Relation Between Mortality and Level of Economic Development.” Population Studies 29 (2) (1975): 231–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehkopf, David H. et al. “The Non-Linear Risk of Mortality by Income Level in a Healthy Population: US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mortality Follow-Up Cohort, 1988–2001.” BMC Public Health 8 (1) (2008): 383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rendall, Michael S., and Deborah J. Ball. “Immigration, Emigration and the Ageing of the Overseas-Born Population in the United Kingdom.” Population Trends 116 (2004): 18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha, Romero, and Rodrigo Soares. “Programas condicionais de transferência de renda e fecundidade: evidências do Bolsa Família.” In Brazilian Meeting of Econometrics, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, Gregory B. “Income and Inequality as Determinants of Mortality: An International Cross-Section Analysis.” International Journal of Epidemiology 31 (3) (2002): 533–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogot, Eugene et al. “A Mortality Study of One Million Persons by Demographic Social and Economic Factors: 1979–1981 Follow Up US National Longitudinal Study”, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolden, Herbert J. A. et al. “Old Age Mortality and Macroeconomic Cycles.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 68 (2014): 44–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, David, and David J. Pevalin. “Social Class Differences in Mortality Using the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification Too Little, Too Soon: A Reply to Chandola.” Social Science & Medicine 51 (7) (2000): 1121–1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhm, Christopher J. “Are Recessions Good for Your Health?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (2) (2000): 617–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Macroeconomic Conditions and Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease.” Working Paper, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruhm, Christopher J. “A Healthy Economy Can Break Your Heart.” Demography 44 (4) (2007): 829–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Torres, A., and W. Beier. “On Maximum Human Life Span: Interdisciplinary Approach About its Limits.” Advances in Gerontology 16 (2005): 14–20. ISSN: 1561–9125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuelson, Paul A. “Social Indifference Curves.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (1) (1956): 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sauvy, Alfred. Vues et illusions sur la France de demain. Paris: Association pour la recherche et l’information démographiques, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, Theodore W. “The Value of Children: An Economic Perspective.” Journal of Political Economy 81 (2) (1973): S2–S13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, Amartya. “Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure.” The Economic Journal 108 (446) (1998): 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegers, Jacques. “An Economic Analysis of Fertility.” De Economist 135 (1) (1987): 94–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simões, Patrícia, and Ricardo Brito Soares. “Efeitos do Programa Bolsa Família na fecun- didade das beneficiárias.” Revista Brasileira de Economia 66 (4) (2012): 445–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinn, Hans-Werner. “Europe’s Demographic Deficit a Plea for a Child Pension System.” De Economist 153 (1) (2005): 1–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, Stephen E., and William N. Evans. “The Effect of Income on Mortality: Evidence from the Social Security Notch.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (3) (2006): 482–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sobotka, Tomá. Pathways to Low Fertility: European Perspectives. Expert Paper 2013/8. New York: United Nations, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorlie, Paul D., Eric Backlund, and Jacob B. Keller. “US Mortality by Economic, Demographic, and Social Characteristics: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study.” American Journal of Public Health 85 (7) (1995): 949–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stecklov, Guy et al. Demographic Externalities from Poverty Programs in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Latin America. Working Papers 2006–01. Washington: American University Department of Economics, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringhini, Silvia et al. “Life-Course Socioeconomic Status and DNA Methylation of Genes Regulating Inflammation.” International Journal of Epidemiology 44 (2015): 1320–1330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strulik, Holger, and Sebastian Vollmer. “Long-Run Trends of Human Aging and Longevity.” Journal of Population Economics 26 (4) (2013): 1303–1323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuckler, David, and Sanjay Basu. “Malignant Neglect: The Failure to Address the Need to Prevent Premature Non-communicable Disease Morbidity and Mortality.” PLoS Med 10 (6) (2013a): e1001466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——-. The Body Economic. Eight Experiments in Economic Recovery from Iceland to Greece. London: Penguin Books, 2013b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szyf, Moshe, Patrick McGowan, and Michael J. Meaney. “The Social Environment and the Epigenome.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 49 (1) (2008): 46–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapia Granados, José A. “Recessions and Mortality in Spain, 1980–1997.” European Journal of Population 21 (2005): 393–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Mortality in Postwar Japan.” Demography 45 (2008): 323–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarkiainen, Lasse, Pekka Martikainen, and Mikko Laaksonen. “The Changing Relationship Between Income and Mortality in Finland, 1988–2007.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67 (1) (2013): 21–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trommsdorff Gisela and Bernhard Nauck, eds. The Value of Children in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Case Studies from Eight Societies Pabst, Lengerich, 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Introduction to Special Section for Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Value of Children: A Concept for Better Understanding Cross-Cultural Variations in Fertility Behavior and Intergenerational Relationships.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 41 (5–6) (2010): 637–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzannatos, Zafiris, and James Symons. “An Economic Approach to Fertility in Britain Since 1860.” Journal of Population Economics 2 (1989): 121–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations? Economic & Social Affairs. Population Studies Issue 206. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. United Nations, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2014: Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience Technical Notes. Human Development Report. New York: United Nations, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2014: Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. Human Development Report. New York: United Nations, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valle Ramos, Carolina del. “Factores demográficos explicativos del envejecimiento incip- iente de la franja litoral andaluza.” Espacio y Tiempo: Revista de Ciencias Humanas 26 (2012): 39–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallin, Jacques, and Graziella Caselli. “Relationships Between Age-Specific Rates and Synthetic Indicators: Decomposition of a Difference.” In Demography: Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population Studies. Edited by Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume Wunsch. Vol. 4. Burlington: Elsevier, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallin, Jacques, and France Meslé. “Convergences and Divergences in Mortality A New Approach to Health Transition.” Demographic Research 10 (2004): 12–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Historical Trends in Mortality.” In International Handbook of Adult Mortality. Edited by Richard G. Rogers and Eileen M. Crimmins. 9–48. New York: Springer, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaupel, James W. The Advancing Frontier of Survival: With a Focus on the Future of US Mortality. Orlando: Society of Actuaries, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaupel, James W., and Hans Lundström. “Longer Life Expectancy? Evidence from Sweden of Reductions in Mortality Rates at Advanced Ages.” In Studies in the Economics of Aging, 79–102. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York: Macmillan standard library B. W Huebsch, 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viarengo, Martina, and Lant Pritchett. “Explaining the Cross-National Time-Series Variation in Life Expectancy: Income, Women’s Education, Shifts and What Else?”, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagstaff, Adam, and Eddy Van Doorslaer. “Income Inequality and Health: What Does the Literature Tell Us?” Annual Review of Public Health 21 (1) (2000): 543–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldorf, Brigitte, and Pillsung Byun. “Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Age Structure on Fertility.” Journal of Population Economics 18 (1) (2005): 15–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walford, Roy L. Maximum Life Span. La fontaine des sciences. New York: Norton, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, William H. “Later-Life Migration in the United States: A Review of Recent Research.” Journal of Planning Literature 17 (1) (2002): 37–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watterlar, Christine, and Guido Roumans. “Simulations of Demographic Objective and Migration.” In Migration. The Demographic Aspects, 57–67. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil, David N. “Population Aging.” In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Edited by Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. 2nd ed., vol. 6, 499–503. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisdorf, Jacob L. “From Stagnation to Growth: Revisiting Three Historical Regimes.” Journal of Population Economics 17 (3) (2004): 455–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weon, Byung Mook. “A Solution to Debates Over the Behavior of Mortality at Old Ages.” Biogerontology (2015a): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-015-9555-2.

  • ——. “A Solution to Debates Over the Behavior of Mortality at Old Ages.” Biogerontology 16 (3) (2015b): 375–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, R. G. “Income Distribution and Mortality: A ‘Natural’ Experiment.” Sociology of Health & Illness 12 (4) (1990): 391–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——. “Income Distribution and Life Expectancy.” British Medical Journal 304 (1992): 165–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, Richard G., and Kate E. Pickett. “Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Gradients in Mortality.” American Journal of Public Health 98 (4) (2008): 699–704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, Richard G., and Kate E. Pickett. “Income Inequality and Social Dysfunction.” Annual Review of Sociology 35 (1) (2009): 493–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, R. “A New Approach to the Economic Theory of Fertility Behavior.” Journal of Political Economy 81 (2) (1973): S14–S64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmoth, John R. “Human Longevity in Historical Perspective.” In Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics. Edited by Paola S. Timiras. 4th ed., 11–24. New York: Informa Healthcare USA, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Chris, and Lee Williamson. “Intergenerational Replacement and Migration in the Countries and Regions of the United Kingdom, 1971–2009.” Population Trends 145 (1) (2011): 90–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson, Michael et al. “Career Earnings and Death: A Longitudinal Analysis of Older Canadian Men.” Journal of Gerontology 48 (4) (1993): S167–S179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarulli, Virginia et al. “Mortality by Education Level at Late-Adult Ages in Turin: A Survival Analysis Using Frailty Models with Period and Cohort Approaches.” BMJ Open 3 (7) (2013): e002841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zepeda, Elmyra Ybáñez, and Rafael Alarcón. “Envejecimiento y migración en Baja California.” Frontera Norte 19 (38) (2007): 93–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Jie. “Social Security and Endogenous Growth.” Journal of Public Economics 58 (2) (1995): 185–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Junsen, Jie Zhang, and Ronald Lee. “Mortality Decline and Long-Run Economic Growth.” Journal of Public Economics 80 (3) (2001): 485–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Hui. “Do People Die from Income Inequality of a Decade Ago?” Social Science & Medicine 75 (1) (2012): 36–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Iparraguirre, J.L. (2018). Economic Theories of Demographic Change. In: Economics and Ageing. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93248-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93248-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93247-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93248-4

  • eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics