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Hypertension and the Heart in Africa

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Ethnic Diversities, Hypertension and Global Cardiovascular Risk

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) constitutes a major public health problem both in the developed and developing countries. Africa is characterized by a lack of good registries on incidence and mortality of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Nevertheless, the Global Burden of Disease group, with the data available, showed recently that among the estimated 422 million cases of existing cardiovascular disease in the world in 2015, the age-adjusted higher prevalence of cases were from western and eastern Africa. Specifically, hypertensive heart disease was more prevalent in Africa, and this was accompanied by a higher mortality rate of this condition in this continent compared with other parts of the world.

LMIC are faced with a dual burden of communicable and chronic diseases, which require tertiary care, and a consequent diversion of the limited resources available. In conjunction with the loss of productive years of life, the consequences lead to economic constraints with an impact on both the private and the public sectors. The rising incidence of hypertension in Africa, its high general prevalence and poor control, as well as the premature mortality, makes issues related with hypertension highly relevant for the continent. Various factors have been shown to impact upon the development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) and LV geometric changes. However, to date, the most consistent explanation for an increased prevalence of LVH and LV geometric remodelling in African populations is a higher pressure load. Bearing in mind the higher prevalence of LVH, especially concentric LVH, in Black Africans, and the higher mortality associated with LVH observed in Black African Americans, it is relevant to discuss issues related with early detection of LVH, intervention for LVH, as well as the consequence of LVH and geometric changes. These issues are paramount in Africa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique

    Albertino Damasceno

  2. Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Angela Woodiwiss

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Bayero University Kano and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

    Mahamoud Sani

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  1. Albertino Damasceno
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  2. Angela Woodiwiss
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  3. Mahamoud Sani
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy

    Pietro Amedeo Modesti

  2. University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, and University, Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

    Francesco P. Cappuccio

  3. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy

    Gianfranco Parati

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Damasceno, A., Woodiwiss, A., Sani, M. (2018). Hypertension and the Heart in Africa. In: Modesti, P., Cappuccio, F., Parati, G. (eds) Ethnic Diversities, Hypertension and Global Cardiovascular Risk. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93148-7_7

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