Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phylogenetic Diversity and Conservation Evaluation: Perspectives on Multiple Values, Indices, and Scales of Application

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Phylogenetic Diversity

Abstract

“Phylogenetic diversity” and its abbreviation “PD” have now become popular terms describing a fundamental aspect of biodiversity based on phylogeny. After more than 25 years of work on PD (following the 1992 paper in Biological Conservation), methods and applications have explored a wide range of taxonomic groups and geographic scales. PD provides a way to address biodiversity at the level of features or characteristics of species, based on its well-corroborated model linking phylogeny and feature variation. The quantification of feature diversity justifies PD as a measure of option value – the value of living variation in keeping options open for society. This justification for PD in biodiversity conservation gives attention to often-neglected arguments for the value to society of biotic diversity. These largely global option values are complemented by the “insurance” value of PD at the local ecosystem scale. Microbial applications of PD, particularly in human health studies, have successfully implemented a range of PD calculations, including PD dissimilarities among samples. Reduced microbial PD in the human body may indicate reduced resilience, and it is now associated with many human diseases. “Macrobial” ecology has been less successful in integrating PD into a consistent coherent approach. Here, the traditional recognition of many “diversity” indices has been extended to phylogeny. PD as a “biodiversity” measure is confounded with the multitude of phylogeny-based diversity indices describing various ecological factors. Greater integration among the different areas of PD application could better establish PD as a core biodiversity measure, with a shared toolbox providing a range of PD-related calculations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahrendsen DL, Aust SK, Roxanne Kellar P (2016) Biodiversity assessment using next-generation sequencing: comparison of phylogenetic and functional diversity between Nebraska grasslands. Plant Syst Evol 302:89–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartkowski B (2017) Are diverse ecosystems more valuable? Economic value of biodiversity as result of uncertainty and spatial interactions in ecosystem service provision. Ecosyst Serv 24:50–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bassett SA, Young W, Barnett MPG, Cookson AL, McNabb WC, Roy NC (2015) Changes in composition of caecal microbiota associated with increased colon inflammation in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice inoculated with Enterococcus species. Nutrients 7:1798–1816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock JM, Dhanjal-Adams KL, Milne A, Oliver TH, Todman LC, Whitmore AP, Pywell RF (2017) Resilience and food security: rethinking an ecological concept. J Ecol 105:880–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW (2013) Experimental evidence that evolutionarily diverse assemblages result in higher productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:8996–9000

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW et al (2010) Phylogenetic diversity metrics for ecological communities: integrating species richness, abundance and evolutionary history. Ecology Letters 13 (1):96–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW, Davies JT (2010) Rarest of the rare: advances in combining evolutionary distinctiveness and scarcity to inform conservation at biogeographical scales. Divers Distrib 16:376–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW, Davies TJ (2016) Phylogenies in ecology: a guide to concepts and methods. Princeton University Press, Princeton ISBN 9780691157689

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW, Davies TJ, Peres-Neto PR (2017) Why phylogenies do not always predict ecological differences. Ecological Monographs 87 (4):535–551

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW, Cardinale BJ, Oakley TH (2008) Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:17012–17017

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cadotte MW, Cavender-Bares J, Tilman D, Oakley TH (2009) Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLoS One 4:e5695. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005695

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK et al (2010) QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods 7:335–336. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.303

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho SB, Velo-Antón G, Tarroso P, Portela AP, Barata M, Carranza S, Moritz C, Possingham HP (2017) Spatial conservation prioritization of biodiversity spanning the evolutionary continuum. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chao A, Chiu C-H, Jost L (2016) Phylogenetic diversity measures and their decomposition: a framework based on hill numbers. In: Pellens R, Grandcolas P (eds) Biodiversity conservation and phylogenetic systematics. Topics in biodiversity and conservation, vol 14. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 141–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chassagnon IR, McCarthy CA, Chin YK-Y, Pineda SS, Keramidas A, Mobli M, Pham V, De Silva TM, Lynch JW, Widdop RE, Rash LD, King GF (2017) Potent neuroprotection after stroke afforded by a double-knot spider-venom peptide that inhibits acid-sensing ion channel 1a. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114(14):3750–3755. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614728114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Convention on Biological Diversity and World Health Organization (2015) Connecting global priorities: biodiversity and human health summary of the state of knowledge review. UNEP, CBD, WHO, Montreal https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3679.6565

  • Crozier RH (1992) Genetic diversity and the agony of choice. Biol Conserv 61:11–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies K, Rajvanshi A, Yeo-Chang Y, et al. in press. Chapter 2. Nature’s contributions to people and quality of life. In M. Karki et al., ed. IPBES Regional and subregional assessment of biodiversity and ecosystem services for Asia and the Pacific. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies TJ, Buckley LB (2012) Exploring the phylogenetic history of contemporary mammal species richness. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 21:1096–1105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2012.00759.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies TJ, Urban MC, Rayfield B, Cadotte MW, Peres-Neto PR (2016) Deconstructing the relationships between phylogenetic diversity and ecology: a case study on ecosystem functioning. Ecology 97:2212–2222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenfeld D (1970) Biological conservation. Holt Rinehart & Winston, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich P, Wilson EO (1991) Biodiversity studies science and policy. Science 253:758–762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (1989) Homoplasy as pattern: multivariate analysis of morphological convergence in Anseriformes. Cladistics 5:235–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (1990) Chance marsupial relationships. Nature 345:393–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (1992) Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol Conserv 61:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (1994a) Phylogenetic diversity: a general framework for the prediction of feature diversity. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Vane-Wright RI (eds) Systematics and conservation evaluation, Systematics Association Special Volume No. 50. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 251–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (1994b) Phylogenetic pattern and the quantification of organismal biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc B 345:45–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (2013) Biodiversity and evolutionary history: useful extensions of the PD phylogenetic diversity assessment framework. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1289:69–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (2015) Phylogenetic diversity and extinction: avoiding tipping points and worst-case losses from the tree of life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 370:20140011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (2016) Using phylogenetic dissimilarities among sites for biodiversity assessments and conservation. In: Pellens R, Grandcolas P (eds) Biodiversity conservation and phylogenetic systematics. Topics in biodiversity and conservation, vol 14. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP (2017) A general model for biodiversity and its value. In: Garson J, Plutynski A, Sarkar S (eds) The Routledge handbook of philosophy of biodiversity. Routledge, London https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138827738

    Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP, Cranston PS (1991) Could a cladogram this short have arisen by chance alone? On permutation tests for cladistic structure. Cladistics 7:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP, Cranston PS (1992) Probability, parsimony, and popper. Syst Biol 41:252–257

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP, Richards ZT (2012) Climate change impacts on the tree of life: changes in phylogenetic diversity illustrated for Acropora corals. Biology 1(3):906–932

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP, Minchin PR, Belbin L (1987) Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. Vegetatio 69:57–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP, Reid CAM, Hunter J (2004) Integrating phylogenetic diversity, complementarity, and endemism. Conserv Biol 18:255–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith DP, Lozupone C, Nipperess D, Knight R (2009) The cladistic basis for the phylogenetic diversity (PD) measure links evolutionary features to environmental gradients and supports broad applications of microbial ecology’s “phylogenetic beta diversity” framework. Int J Mol Sci 10(11):4723–4741

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farnham TJ (2007) Saving nature’s legacy: origins of the idea of biological diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven 276 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn D, Mirotchnick N, Jain M, Palmer M, Naeem S (2011) Functional and phylogenetic diversity as predictors of biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. Ecology 98:1573–1581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forest F, Grenyer R, Rouget M, Davies TJ, Cowling RM, Faith DP, Balmford A, Manning JC, Proches¸ S, van der Bank M, Reeves G, Hedderson TA, Savolainen V (2007) Preserving the evolutionary potential of floras in biodiversity hotspots. Nature 445:757–760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gascon C, Brooks TM, Contreras-MacBeath T, Heard N, Konstant W, Lamoreux J, Launay F, Maunder M, Mittermeier RA, Molur S, Mubarak RKA, Parr MJ, Rhodin AGJ, Rylands AB, Soorae P, Sanderson JG, Vié J-C (2015) The importance and benefits of species. Curr Biol 25:R431–R438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavin MC et al (2013) Toward a mechanistic understanding of linguistic diversity. BioScience 63:524–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • González-Orozco CE, Pollock LJ, Thornhill AH, Mishler BD, Knerr N, Laffan SW, Miller JT, Rosauer DF, Faith DP, Nipperess DA, Kujala H, Linke S, Butt N, Külheim C, Crisp MD, Gruber B (2016) Phylogenetic approaches reveal biodiversity threats under climate change. Nat Clim Chang 6:1110–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudde R, Venditti C (2016) Comparison of conservation metrics in a case study of lemurs. Conserv Biol 30(6):1347–1356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haskins C (1974) Scientists talk of the need for conservation and an ethic of biotic diversity to slow species extinction. Science 184:646–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iltis HH (1972) Shepherds leading sheep to slaughter: the extinction of species and the destruction of ecosystems. Am Biol Teach 34:201–205+221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (1980) World conservation strategy: living resource conservation for sustainable development. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang D-W, Park JG, Ilhan ZE, Wallstrom G, LaBaer J, Adams JB et al (2013) Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children. PLoS One 8(7):e68322 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • S. Khanna, E. Montassier, B. Schmidt, R. Patel, D. Knights, D. S. Pardi, P. C. Kashyap, (2016) Gut microbiome predictors of treatment response and recurrence in primary infection. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 44 (7):715–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang D-W, Adams JB, Gregory AC, Borody T, Chittick L, Fasano A, Khoruts A, Geis E, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S, Pollard EL, Roux S, Sadowsky MJ, Lipson KS, Sullivan MB, Caporaso JG, Krajmalnik-Brown R (2017) Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study. Microbiome 5:10

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly S, Grenyer R, Scotland RW (2014) Phylogenetic trees do not reliably predict feature diversity. Divers Distrib 20:600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laity T, Laffan SW, González-Orozco CE, Faith DP, Rosauer DF, Byrne M, Miller JT, Crayn D, Costion C, Moritz CC, Newport K (2015) Phylodiversity to inform conservation policy: an Australian example. Sci Total Environ 534:131–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lappan R et al (2018) A microbiome case-control study of recurrent acute otitis media identified potentially protective bacterial genera. BMC Microbiol 18:13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen FW, Turner WR, Brooks TM et al (2012) Conserving critical sites for biodiversity provides disproportionate benefits to people. PLoS One 7:e36971

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindegren M, Holt BG, MacKenzie BR, Rahbek C (2018) A global mismatch in the protection of multiple marine biodiversity components and ecosystem services. Sci Rep 8:4099

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lindheim L, Bashir M, MuÈnzker J, Trummer C, Zachhuber V, Leber B et al (2017) Alterations in gut microbiome composition and barrier function are associated with reproductive and metabolic defects in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a pilot study. PLoS One 12(1):e0168390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168390

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd-Price J et al (2016) The healthy human microbiome. Genome Med 8:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0307-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lozupone C, Knight R (2005) UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:8228–8235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lozupone C, Knight R (2008) Species divergence and the measurement of microbial diversity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:557–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lozupone CA, Stombaugh JI, Gordon JI, Jansson JK, Knight R (2012) Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature 489(7415):220–230. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11550

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maclaurin J, Sterelny K (2008) What is biodiversity? University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mason NWH, Pavoine S (2013) Does trait conservatism guarantee that indicators of phylogenetic community structure will reveal niche-based assembly processes along stress gradients? J Veg Sci 24:820–833

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • May RM (1990) Taxonomy as destiny. Nature 347:129–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazel F, Mooers AO, Riva GVD, Pennell MW (2017) Conserving phylogenetic diversity can be a poor strategy for conserving functional diversity. Syst Biol 66(6):1019–1027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur A, Lee J, (2016) Sounding the Global Alarm: Environmental Issues in the US National News. Social Studies of Science 23 (4):681-720

    Google Scholar 

  • Meynard CN, Devictor V, Mouillot D et al (2011) Beyond taxonomic diversity patterns: how do alpha, beta and gamma components of bird functional and phylogenetic diversity respond to environmental gradients across France? Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:893–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montassier E, Gastinne T, Vangay P, Al-Ghalith GA, Bruley des Varannes S, Massart S, Moreau P, Potel G, de La Cochetiere MF, Batard E, Knights D (2015) Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 42:515–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouillot D, Parravicini V, Bellwood DR, Leprieur F, Huang D, Cowman PF, Albouy C, Hughes TP, Thuiller W, Guilhaumon F (2016) Global marine protected areas do not secure the evolutionary history of tropical corals and fishes. Nat Commun 7:10359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mouquett N, Devictor V, Meynard CN et al (2012) Ecophylogenetics: advances and perspectives. Biol Rev 87:769–785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers N (1976) An expanded approach to the problem of disappearing species. Science 193:198–202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nehring K, Puppe C (2004) Modelling phylogenetic diversity. Resour Energy Econ 26(2):205–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norse EA, McManus RE (1980) Ecology and living resources biological diversity. In: Environmental quality 1980: the 11th annual report of the Council on Environmental Quality. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington DC, pp 31–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Obregon-Tito AJ, Tito RY, Metcalf J, Sankaranarayanan K, Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Zech XZ, Van Treuren W, Knight R, Gaffney PM, Spicer P, Lawson P, Marin-Reyes L, Trujillo-Villarroel O, Foster M, Guija-Poma E, Troncoso-Corzo L, Warinner C, Ozga AT, Lewis CM (2015) Subsistence strategies in traditional societies distinguish gut microbiomes. Nat Commun 6:6505. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7505

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pascual U, Termansen M, Hedlund K, Brussaard L, Faber JH, Foudi S, Lemanceau P, Liv-Jørgensen S (2015) On the value of soil biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecosyst Serv 15:11–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavoine S, Bonsall MB (2011) Measuring biodiversity to explain community assembly: a unified approach. Biol Rev 86:792–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearse WD, Purvis A, Cavender-Bares J, Helmus MR (2014) Metrics and models of community phylogenetics. In: Garamszegi LZ (ed) Modern phylogenetic comparative methods and their application in evolutionary biology. Springer-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellens R, Grandcolas P (eds) (2016) Biodiversity conservation and phylogenetic systematics preserving our evolutionary heritage in an extinction crisis. Topics in biodiversity and conservation, vol 14. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_3

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Petchey OL, Gaston K (2002) Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecol Lett 5:402–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pio DV et al (2014) Climate change effects on animal and plant phylogenetic diversity in southern Africa. Glob Chang Biol 20:1538–1549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pla L, Casanoves F, Di Rienzo J (2012) Quantifying functional biodiversity. SpringerBriefs Environ Sci 38:2191–5547

    Google Scholar 

  • Podani J (2009) Convex hulls, habitat filtering, and functional diversity: mathematical elegance versus ecological interpretability. Community Ecol 10:244–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock LJ, Thuiller W, Jetz W (2017) Large conservation gains possible for global biodiversity facets. Nature 546:141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porter TM, Hajibabaei M (2018) Scaling up: a guide to high-throughput genomic approaches for biodiversity analysis. Mol Ecol 27:313. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14478

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pu ZC, Daya P, Tan J, Jiang L (2014) Phylogenetic diversity stabilizes community biomass. J Plant Ecol 7:176–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roush G (1977) Why save diversity? Nat Conservancy News 21:9–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherson RA, Thornhill AH, Urbina-Casanova R, Freyman WA, Pliscoff PA, Mishler BD (2017) Spatial phylogenetics of the vascular flora of Chile. Mol Phylogenet Evol 112:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shade A, Peter H, Allison SD, Baho DL, Berga M, Bürgmann H, Huber DH, Langenheder S, Lennon JT, Martiny JBH, Matulich KL, Schmidt TM, Handelsman J (2012) Fundamentals of microbial community resistance and resilience. Front Microbiol 3:2–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slowinski JB, Crother BI (1998) Is the PTP test useful? Cladistics 14:297–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenburg ED, Smits SA, Tikhonov M, Higginbottom SK, Wingreen NS, Sonnenburg JL (2016) Diet-induced extinction in the gut microbiota compounds over generations. Nature 529(7585):212–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava DS, Cadotte MW, MacDonald AAM, Marushia RG, Mirotchnick N (2012) Phylogenetic diversity and the functioning of ecosystems. Ecol Lett 15:637–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01795.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thuiller W, Lavergne S, Roquet C, Boulangeat I, Lafourcade B, Araujo MB (2011) Consequences of climate change on the tree of life in Europe. Nature 470:531–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thuiller W, Maiorano L, Mazel F, Guilhaumon F, Ficetola GF, Lavergne S, Renaud J, Roquet C, Mouillot D (2015) Conserving the functional and phylogenetic trees of life of European tetrapods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 370:20140005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker CM et al (2016) A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation, community ecology and macroecology. Biol Rev 92:698–715. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ, Williams PH (1991) What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biol Conserv 55:235–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vellend M, Cornwell WK, Magnuson-Ford K, Mooers AØ (2010) Measuring phylogenetic biodiversity. In: McGill AEMBJ (ed) Biological diversity: frontiers in measurement and assessment. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 193–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Veron S et al (2016) Loss and conservation of evolutionary history in the Mediterranean Basin. BMC Ecol 16:43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, Harding SJ, Merluzzi AP, Johnson SC, Carlsson CM, Asthana S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Bendlin BB, Rey FE (2017) Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep 7:13537. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jetz W, Thomas GH, Joy JB, David W. Redding, Hartmann K, Mooers AO, (2014) Global Distribution and Conservation of Evolutionary Distinctness in Birds. Current Biology 24 (9):919–930

    Google Scholar 

  • WCC (2012) World Conservation Congress, Jeju, Republic of Korea, September 2012. http://2012congress.iucn.org/index.html

  • Weitzman ML (1992) On diversity. Q. J. Econ. 107:363–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb CO (2000) Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am Nat 156:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1086/303378

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webb CO, Ackerly DD, McPeek MA, Donoghue MJ (2002) Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 33:475–505. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson M, Peres-Neto PR, Foster PG, Moncrieff CB (2002) Type 1 error rates of the parsimony permutation tail probability test. Syst Biol 51(3):524–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winter M, Devictor V, Schweiger O (2013) Phylogenetic diversity and nature conservation: where are we? Trends Ecol Evol 28:199–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Sun K, Wu Y, Yang Y, Tso P, Wu Z (2017) Interactions between intestinal microbiota and host immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 8:942. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00942

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Daniel P. Faith

Authors
  1. Daniel P. Faith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel P. Faith .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Silviculture and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Forest Science and Nature Conservation, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Rosa A. Scherson

  2. The Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Daniel P Faith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Faith, D.P. (2018). Phylogenetic Diversity and Conservation Evaluation: Perspectives on Multiple Values, Indices, and Scales of Application. In: Scherson, R., Faith, D. (eds) Phylogenetic Diversity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93145-6_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation