Abstract
Engineered structures crossing active faults are vulnerable to damage during surface faulting earthquakes. The design and location of mitigation measures to counteract fault rupture requires detailed knowledge of the location of the active fault traces, fault geometry, including the width of the fault zone at the surface, and the distribution of strain within the fault zone. The current understanding of fault geometry and displacement profiles is based on predominantly subsurface data through essentially isotropic ground conditions. Although empirical relationships among fault parameters, such as rupture length, earthquake magnitude and average or maximum displacement, can be used to characterize potential surface rupture hazard for an entire fault zone, the behavior of a fault at a specific location, as is required for engineering design, can be harder to forecast. For hazard planning and front-end engineering design, rupture zonation is a useful approach. To produce meaningful fault rupture zonation maps requires an integration of data on tectonic geomorphology, paleoseismology, and both crustal and near-surface fault geometry. The results of detailed surface rupture mapping, LiDAR image interpretation and shallow geophysical investigations following the 2016 KaikÅura earthquake are used to highlight some of the problems in determining potential fault rupture hazard zones. Existing zonation approaches are evaluated in light of this complex, multi-fault rupture. Rather than define narrow prescriptive fault avoidance zones, a better approach is to develop a broader zonation that highlight areas where there is the need for detailed fault rupture mitigation studies to be performed for all significant developments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Boncio, P., Galli, P., Naso, G., Pizzi, A.: Zoning surface rupture hazard along normal faults: insight from the 2009 Mw 6.3 LâAquila, Central Italy, earthquake and other global earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 102(3), 918â935 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100301
Bonilla, M.G., Lienkaemper, J.J.: Factors affecting the recognition of faults exposed in exploratory trenches. Bulletin Rep. 1947, 54Â p. USGS (1991)
Borchardt, D.: Establishing appropriate setback widths for active faults. Environ. Eng. Geosci. 16(1), 47â53 (2010)
Bryant, W.A.: History of the Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act, California, USA. Environ. Eng. Geosci. 16(1), 7â18 (2010)
Dolan, J.F., Haravitch, B.D.: How well do surface slip measurements track slip at depth in large strike-slip earthquakes? The importance of fault structural maturity in controlling on-fault slip versus off-fault surface deformation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 388, 38â47 (2014)
Fenton, C., & Kernohan, J.: Characterisation of surface fault rupture for civil engineering design. In: 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 1â7. 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch (2015)
Fenton, C.H.: Quantifying surface faulting hazards for lifelines crossing active faults. In: 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper Reference 714, pp. 1â9. Elsevier Science Ltd. (2001)
Fenton, C.H., Charusiri, P., Hinthong, C.: Low slip rates versus high erosion rates: recognition and characterization of active faults in a tropical environment. Seismol. Res. Lett. 70(2), 266 (1999)
Hart, E.W., Bryant, W.A., Treiman, J.A.: Surface faulting associated with the June 1992 Landers earthquake, California. Calif. Geol. 46(1), 10â16 (1993)
Hornblow, S.: Paleoseismicity and rupture characteristics of the greendale fault and formation of the canterbury plains. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Canterbury, 161 p (2016)
Kerr, J., Nathan, S., Van Dissen, R., Webb, P., Brunsdon, D., King, A. (2003). Planning for development of land on or close to active faults: a guideline to assist resource management planners in New Zealand. Client report 2002/124 Rep., 67Â p, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences
Lade, P.V., Cole, D.A., Cummings, D.: Multiple failure surfaces over dip-slip faults. Geotech. Eng. 110(5), 616â627 (1984)
Lin, A., Nishikawa, M.: Riedel shear structures in the co-seismic surface rupture zone produced by the 2001Â M 7.8 Kunlun earthquake, northern Tibetan Plateau. J. Struct. Geol. 33, 1302â1311 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.07.003
Milliner, C.W., Dolan, J.F., Hollingsworth, J., Leprince, S., Ayoub, F., Sammis, C.G.: Quantifying near-field and off-fault deformation patterns of the 1992Â M 7.3 Landers earthquake. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 16, 1577â1598 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005693
Tchalenko, J.S.: Similarities between shear zones of different magnitude. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81, 1625â1640 (1970)
Treiman, J.A.: Fault rupture and surface deformation: defining the hazard. Environ. Eng. Geosci. 16(1), 19â30 (2010)
Villamor, P., Litchfield, N., Barrell, D., Van Dissen, R., Hornblow, S., Quigley, M., Levick, S., Ries, W., Duffy, B., Begg, J., Townsend, D.: Map of the 2010 Greendale Fault surface rupture, Canterbury, New Zealand: application to land use planning. NZ J. Geol. Geophys. 55(3), 223â230 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2012.680473
Wells, D.L., Coppersmith, K.J.: New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 84(4), 974â1002 (1994)
Wesnousky, S.G.: Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures: issues and implications for seismic-hazard analysis and the process of earthquake rupture. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 98(4), 1609â1632 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070111
Yongshuang, Z., Jusong, S., Ping, S., Weimin, Y., Xin, Y., Chunshan, Z., Tanyu, X.: Surface ruptures induced by the Wenchuan earthquake: their influence widths and safety distances for construction sites. Eng. Geol. 166, 245â254 (2013)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Fenton, C., Hyland, N., Hoare, B. (2019). Surface Rupture Hazard Zonation: Lessons from Recent New Zealand Earthquakes. In: Shakoor, A., Cato, K. (eds) IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, California, 2018 - Volume 5. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93136-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93136-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-93135-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-93136-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)