Abstract
Nitrogen use efficiency involves a complex set of plant processes which are heavily influenced by the environment . This chapter explores a suite of new technologies which can be, and in some cases have been, brought to bear in order to categorize and improve the nitrogen use efficiency of cereals . A combination of high-throughput phenotyping , in controlled environments as well as the field, should enable scientists to better capitalize on the expanding genetic knowledge around the downstream pathways of NUE and make more progress in delivering high NUE crops . In this chapter, modern phenomics is explored, with a focus on those technologies which can give more insight into the determinants of yield and NUE.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abiko T, Wakayama M, Kawakami A, Obara M, Kisaka H, Miwa T, Aoki N, Ohsugi R (2010) Changes in nitrogen assimilation, metabolism, and growth in transgenic rice plants expressing a fungal NADP (H)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA). Planta 232(2):299–311
Agrama HAS, Zakaria AG, Said FB, Tuinstra M (1999) Identification of quantitative trait loci for nitrogen use efficiency in maize. Mol Breeding 5(2):187–195
Al-Tamimi N, Brien C, Oakey H, Berger B, Saade S, Ho YS, Schmöckel SM, Tester M, Negrão S (2016) Salinity tolerance loci revealed in rice using high-throughput non-invasive phenotyping. Nature Commun 7:13342
An D, Su J, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Tong Y, Li J, Jing R, Li B, Li Z (2006) Mapping QTLs for nitrogen uptake in relation to the early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Soil 284(1–2):73–84
Andrade-Sanchez P, Gore MA, Heun JT, Thorp KR, Carmo-Silva AE, French AN, Salvucci ME, White JW (2013) Development and evaluation of a field-based high-throughput phenotyping platform. Funct Plant Biol 41(1):68–79
Araus JL, Cairns JE (2014) Field high-throughput phenotyping: the new crop breeding frontier. Trends Plant Sci 19(1):52–61
Babar MA, van Ginkel M, Klatt AR, Prasad B, Reynolds MP (2006) The potential of using spectral reflectance indices to estimate yield in wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Euphytica 150(1):155–172
Barraclough PB, Howarth JR, Jones J, Lopez-Bellido R, Parmar S, Shepherd CE, Hawkesford MJ (2010) Nitrogen efficiency of wheat: genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement. Eur J Agron 33(1):1–11
Billiau K, Sprenger H, Schudoma C, Walther D, Köhl KI (2012) Data management pipeline for plant phenotyping in a multisite project. Funct Plant Biol 39(11):948–957
Borrell A, Hammer G, Van Oosterom E (2001) Stay-green: a consequence of the balance between supply and demand for nitrogen during grain filling? Ann Appl Biol 138(1):91–95
Brauer EK, Rochon A, Bi YM, Bozzo GG, Rothstein SJ, Shelp BJ (2011) Reappraisal of nitrogen use efficiency in rice overexpressing glutamine synthetase. Physiol Plant 141(4):361–372
Brien CJ, Berger B, Rabie H, Tester M (2013) Accounting for variation in designing greenhouse experiments with special reference to greenhouses containing plants on conveyor systems. Plant Methods 9(1):5
Brown TB, Cheng R, Sirault XR, Rungrat T, Murray KD, Trtilek M, Furbank RT, Badger M, Pogson BJ, Borevitz JO (2014) TraitCapture: genomic and environment modelling of plant phenomic data. Curr Opin Plant Biol 18:73–79
Burger J, Geladi P (2006) Hyperspectral NIR imaging for calibration and prediction: a comparison between image and spectrometer data for studying organic and biological samples. Analyst 131(10):1152–1160
Burns IG (1980) Influence of the spatial distribution of nitrate and the uptake of N by plants: a review and a model for rooting depth. J Soil Sci 31:155–173
Cabrera-Bosquet L, Fournier C, Brichet N, Welcker C, Suard B, Tardieu F (2016) High-throughput estimation of incident light, light interception and radiation-use efficiency of thousands of plants in a phenotyping platform. New Phytol 212(1):269–281
Campbell MT, Du Q, Liu K, Brien CJ, Berger B, Zhang C, Walia H (2017) A comprehensive image-based phenomic analysis reveals the complex genetic architecture of shoot growth dynamics in rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Genome 10(2)
Campbell MT, Knecht AC, Berger B, Brien CJ, Wang D, Walia H (2015) Integrating image-based phenomics and association analysis to dissect the genetic architecture of temporal salinity responses in rice. Plant Physiol 168(4):1476–1489
Chapman S, Merz T, Chan A, Jackway P, Hrabar S, Dreccer M, Holland E, Zheng B, Ling T, Jimenez-Berni J (2014) Pheno-copter: a low-altitude, autonomous remote-sensing robotic helicopter for high-throughput field-based phenotyping. Agronomy 4
Chen D, Neumann K, Friedel S, Kilian B, Chen M, Altmann T, Klukas C (2014) Dissecting the phenotypic components of crop plant growth and drought responses based on high-throughput image analysis. Plant Cell 26(12):4636–4655
Cho Y-G, Kang H-J, Lee J-S, Lee Y-T, Lim S-J, Gauch H, Eun M-Y, McCouch SR (2007) Identification of quantitative trait loci in rice for yield, yield components, and agronomic traits across years and locations all rights reserved. no part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Crop Sci 47(6):2403–2417
Cormier F, Foulkes J, Hirel B, Gouache D, Moenne-Loccoz Y, Le Gouis J (2016) Breeding for increased nitrogen-use efficiency: a review for wheat (T.aestivum L.). Plant Breed 135(3):255–278
Cormier F, Le Gouis J, Dubreuil P, Lafarge S, Praud S (2014) A genome-wide identification of chromosomal regions determining nitrogen use efficiency components in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 127(12):2679–2693
Crain JL, Wei Y, Barker J, Thompson SM, Alderman PD, Reynolds M, Zhang N, Poland J (2016) Development and deployment of a portable field phenotyping platform. Crop Sci 56(3):965–975
Deery D, Jimenez-Berni J, Jones H, Sirault X, Furbank R (2014) Proximal remote sensing buggies and potential applications for field-based phenotyping. Agronomy 4(3):349
Dhugga KS, Waines J (1989) Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Sci 29(5):1232–1239
Ding L, Wang KJ, Jiang GM, Biswas DK, Xu H, Li LF, Li YH (2005) Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Ann Bot 96(5):925–930
Dueck T, van Ieperen W, Taulavuori K (2016) Light perception, signalling and plant responses to spectral quality and photoperiod in natural and horticultural environments. Environ Exp Bot 121:1–3
Ecarnot M, Compan F, Roumet P (2013) Assessing leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per unit area of wheat in the field throughout plant cycle with a portable spectrometer. Field Crops Res 140:44–50
Echarte L, Rothstein S, Tollenaar M (2008) The response of leaf photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation to nitrogen supply in an older and a newer maize hybrid all rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Crop Sci 48(2):656–665
Eitel JUH, Magney TS, Vierling LA, Brown TT, Huggins DR (2014) LiDAR based biomass and crop nitrogen estimates for rapid, non-destructive assessment of wheat nitrogen status. Field Crops Res 159:21–32
Evenson RE, Gollin D (2003) Assessing the impact of the green revolution, 1960 to 2000. Science 300(5620):758–762
Fageria NK, Baligar VC (2005) Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. In: Donald LS (ed) Advances in agronomy. Academic Press, pp. 97-185
Fan X, Tang Z, Tan Y, Zhang Y, Luo B, Yang M, Lian X, Shen Q, Miller AJ, Xu G (2016) Overexpression of a pH-sensitive nitrate transporter in rice increases crop yields. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(26):7118–7123
Fischer R, Wall P (1976) Wheat breeding in Mexico and yield increases
Fischer RA (2011) Wheat physiology: a review of recent developments. Crop Pasture Sci 62(2):95–114
Forde BG, Clarkson DT (1999) Nitrate and ammonium nutrition of plants: physiological and molecular perspectives. Adv Bot Res 30:1–90
Foulkes M, Sylvester-Bradley R, Scott R (1998) Evidence for differences between winter wheat cultivars in acquisition of soil mineral nitrogen and uptake and utilization of applied fertilizer nitrogen. J Agric Sci 130(01):29–44
Foulkes MJ, Hawkesford MJ, Barraclough PB, Holdsworth MJ, Kerr S, Kightley S, Shewry PR (2009) Identifying traits to improve the nitrogen economy of wheat: Recent advances and future prospects. Field Crops Res 114(3):329–342
Furbank RT, Tester M (2011) Phenomics–technologies to relieve the phenotyping bottleneck. Trends Plant Sci 16(12):635–644
Gallais A, Hirel B (2004) An approach to the genetics of nitrogen use efficiency in maize. J Exp Bot 55(396):295–306
Garnett T, Conn V, Kaiser BN (2009) Root based approaches to improving nitrogen use efficiency in plants. Plant Cell Environ 32(9):1272–1283
Garnett T, Conn V, Plett D, Conn S, Zanghellini J, Mackenzie N, Enju A, Francis K, Holtham L, Roessner U, Boughton B, Bacic A, Shirley N, Rafalski A, Dhugga K, Tester M, Kaiser BN (2013) The response of the maize nitrate transport system to nitrogen demand and supply across the lifecycle. New Phytol 198(1):82–94
Garnett T, Plett D, Heuer S, Okamoto M (2015) Genetic approaches to enhancing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in cereals: challenges and future directions. Funct Plant Biol 42(10):921–941
Garnett T, Rebetzke G (2013) Improving crop nitrogen use in dryland farming. Improving water and nutrient-use efficiency in food production systems. Wiley. pp 123–144
Golzarian M, Frick R, Rajendran K, Berger B, Roy S, Tester M, Lun D (2011) Accurate inference of shoot biomass from high-throughput images of cereal plants. Plant Methods 7
Good AG, Johnson SJ, De Pauw M, Carroll RT, Savidov N, Vidmar J, Lu Z, Taylor G, Stroeher V (2007) Engineering nitrogen use efficiency with alanine aminotransferase. Botany 85(3):252–262
Good AG, Shrawat AK, Muench DG (2004) Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends Plant Sci 9(12):597–605
Gu R, Duan F, An X, Zhang F, von Wirén N, Yuan L (2013) Characterization of AMT-mediated high-affinity ammonium uptake in roots of maize (Zea mays L.). Plant Cell Physiol 54(9):1515–1524
Han M, Okamoto M, Beatty PH, Rothstein SJ, Good AG (2015) The genetics of nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Annu Rev Genet 49:269–289
Hawkesford MJ (2017) Genetic variation in traits for nitrogen use efficiency in wheat. J Exp Bot 68(10):2627–2632
Heap JW, McKay AC (2009) Managing soil-borne crop diseases using precision agriculture in Australia. Crop Pasture Sci 60(9):824–833
Hogewoning SW, Trouwborst G, Maljaars H, Poorter H, van Ieperen W, Harbinson J (2010) Blue light dose–responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. J Exp Bot 61(11):3107–3117
Holman F, Riche A, Michalski A, Castle M, Wooster M, Hawkesford M (2016) High throughput field phenotyping of wheat plant height and growth rate in field plot trials using UAV based remote sensing. Remote Sens 8(12):1031
Honsdorf N, March TJ, Berger B, Tester M, Pillen K (2014) High-throughput phenotyping to detect drought tolerance QTL in wild barley introgression lines. PLoS ONE 9(5):e97047
Howitt SM, Udvardi MK (2000) Structure, function and regulation of ammonium transporters in plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). Biomembranes 1465(1):152–170
Kamprath EJ, Moll RH, Rodriguez N (1982) Effects of nitrogen fertilization and recurrent selection on performance of hybrid populations of corn. Agron J 74(6):955–958
Keeney DR (1982) Nitrogen management for maximum efficiency and minimum pollution. Nitrogen in agricultural soils. Madison, Wisconsin USA: American Society of Agronomy, pp 605–649
Kokaly RF (2001) Investigating a physical basis for spectroscopic estimates of leaf nitrogen concentration. Remote Sens Environ 75(2):153–161
Krajewski P, Chen DJ, Cwiek H, van Dijk ADJ, Fiorani F, Kersey P, Klukas C, Lange M, Markiewicz A, Nap JP, van Oeveren J, Pommier C, Scholz U, van Schriek M, Usadel B, Weise S (2015) Towards recommendations for metadata and data handling in plant phenotyping. J Exp Bot 66(18):5417–5427
Ladha JK, Tirol-Padre A, Reddy CK, Cassman KG, Verma S, Powlson DS, van Kessel C, de B. Richter D, Chakraborty D, Pathak H (2016) Global nitrogen budgets in cereals: a 50-year assessment for maize, rice, and wheat production systems. Sci Rep 6:19355
Le Gouis J, Béghin D, Heumez E, Pluchard P (2000) Genetic differences for nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilisation efficiencies in winter wheat. Eur J Agron 12(3–4):163–173
Léran S, Varala K, Boyer J-C, Chiurazzi M, Crawford N, Daniel-Vedele F, David L, Dickstein R, Fernandez E, Forde B, Gassmann W, Geiger D, Gojon A, Gong J-M, Halkier BA, Harris JM, Hedrich R, Limami AM, Rentsch D, Seo M, Tsay Y-F, Zhang M, Coruzzi G, Lacombe B (2014) A unified nomenclature of nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family members in plants. Trends Plant Sci 19(1):5–9
Lin M, Huybers P (2012) Reckoning wheat yield trends. Environ Res Lett 7(2):024016
Lovett GM, Burns DA, Driscoll CT, Jenkins JC, Mitchell MJ, Rustad L, Shanley JB, Likens GE, Haeuber R (2007) Who needs environmental monitoring? Front Ecol Environ 5(5):253–260
Ludewig U, Neuhäuser B, Dynowski M (2007) Molecular mechanisms of ammonium transport and accumulation in plants. FEBS Lett 581(12):2301–2308
Martre P, Porter JR, Jamieson PD, Triboï E (2003) Modeling grain nitrogen accumulation and protein composition to understand the sink/source regulations of nitrogen remobilization for wheat. Plant Physiol 133(4):1959–1967
Max JFJ, Schurr U, Tantau H-J, Mutwiwa UN, Hofmann T, Ulbrich A (2012) Greenhouse cover technology. horticultural reviews. Wiley, pp 259–396
McAllister CH, Beatty PH, Good AG (2012) Engineering nitrogen use efficient crop plants: the current status. Plant Biotechnol J 10(9):1011–1025
Meng R, Saade S, Kurtek S, Berger B, Brien C, Pillen K, Tester M, Sun Y (2017) Growth curve registration for evaluating salinity tolerance in barley. Plant Methods 13(1):18
Mickelson S, See D, Meyer FD, Garner JP, Foster CR, Blake TK, Fischer AM (2003) Mapping of QTL associated with nitrogen storage and remobilization in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. J Exp Bot 54(383):801–812
Moll R, Kamprath E, Jackson W (1982) Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agron J 74(3):562–564
Muraya MM, Chu J, Zhao Y, Junker A, Klukas C, Reif JC, Altmann T (2017) Genetic variation of growth dynamics in maize (Zea mays L.) revealed through automated non-invasive phenotyping. Plant J 89(2):366–380
Neilson EH, Edwards A, Blomstedt C, Berger B, Møller BL, Gleadow R (2015) Utilization of a high-throughput shoot imaging system to examine the dynamic phenotypic responses of a C4 cereal crop plant to nitrogen and water deficiency over time. J Exp Bot eru526
Ortiz-Monasterio R, Sayre K, Rajaram S, McMahon M (1997) Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Sci 37(3):898–904
Parent B, Shahinnia F, Maphosa L, Berger B, Rabie H, Chalmers K, Kovalchuk A, Langridge P, Fleury D (2015) Combining field performance with controlled environment plant imaging to identify the genetic control of growth and transpiration underlying yield response to water-deficit stress in wheat. J Exp Bot 66(18):5481–5492
Passioura JB (2006) The perils of pot experiments. Funct Plant Biol 33(12):1075–1079
Peñuelas J, Filella I (1998) Visible and near-infrared reflectance techniques for diagnosing plant physiological status. Trends Plant Sci 3(4):151–156
Peoples M, Freney J, Mosier A, Bacon P (1995) Minimizing gaseous losses of nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilization in the environment, pp. 565–602
Plett D, Toubia J, Garnett T, Tester M, Kaiser BN, Baumann U (2010) Dichotomy in the NRT Gene Families of Dicots and Grass Species. PLoS ONE 5(12):e15289
Poorter H, Fiorani F, Pieruschka R, Wojciechowski T, Putten WH, Kleyer M, Schurr U, Postma J (2016) Pampered inside, pestered outside? Differences and similarities between plants growing in controlled conditions and in the field. New Phytol 212(4):838–855
Quraishi UM, Abrouk M, Murat F, Pont C, Foucrier S, Desmaizieres G, Confolent C, Riviere N, Charmet G, Paux E (2011) Cross-genome map based dissection of a nitrogen use efficiency ortho-metaQTL in bread wheat unravels concerted cereal genome evolution. Plant J 65(5):745–756
Rajcan I, Tollenaar M (1999) Source: sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize: II. Nitrogen metabolism during grain filling. Field Crops Res 60(3):255–265
Raun WR, Johnson GV (1999) Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agron J 91(3):357–363
Ray DK, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA (2013) Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. PLoS ONE 8(6):e66428
Ray DK, Ramankutty N, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA (2012) Recent patterns of crop yield growth and stagnation. 3:1293
Rebetzke GJ, Chenu K, Biddulph B, Moeller C, Deery DM, Rattey AR, Bennett D, Barrett-Lennard EG, Mayer JE (2012) A multisite managed environment facility for targeted trait and germplasm phenotyping. Funct Plant Biol 40(1):1–13
Rebetzke GJ, Jimenez-Berni JA, Bovill WD, Deery DM, James RA (2016) High-throughput phenotyping technologies allow accurate selection of stay-green. J Exp Bot 67(17):4919–4924
Sadras VO, Richards RA (2014) Improvement of crop yield in dry environments: benchmarks, levels of organisation and the role of nitrogen. J Exp Bot 65(8):1981–1995
Sankaran S, Khot LR, Carter AH (2015) Field-based crop phenotyping: multispectral aerial imaging for evaluation of winter wheat emergence and spring stand. Comput Electron Agric 118:372–379
Shaw R, Lark RM, Williams AP, Chadwick DR, Jones DL (2016) Characterising the within-field scale spatial variation of nitrogen in a grassland soil to inform the efficient design of in-situ nitrogen sensor networks for precision agriculture. Agr Ecosyst Environ 230:294–306
Sinclair TR (1998) Historical changes in harvest index and crop nitrogen accumulation. Crop Sci 38(3):638–643
Sun J, Shi S, Gong W, Yang J, Du L, Song S, Chen B, Zhang Z (2017) Evaluation of hyperspectral LiDAR for monitoring rice leaf nitrogen by comparison with multispectral LiDAR and passive spectrometer. 7:40362
Sylvester-Bradley R, Kindred DR (2009) Analysing nitrogen responses of cereals to prioritize routes to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency. J Exp Bot 60(7):1939–1951
Tanger P, Klassen S, Mojica JP, Lovell JT, Moyers BT, Baraoidan M, Naredo MEB, McNally KL, Poland J, Bush DR, Leung H, Leach JE, McKay JK (2017) Field-based high throughput phenotyping rapidly identifies genomic regions controlling yield components in rice. 7:42839
Thomas H, Smart CM (1993) Crops that stay green1. Ann Appl Biol 123(1):193–219
Ugarte CC, Trupkin SA, Ghiglione H, Slafer G, Casal JJ (2010) Low red/far-red ratios delay spike and stem growth in wheat. J Exp Bot 61(11):3151–3162
Van Herwaarden A, Farquhar G, Angus J, Richards R, Howe G (1998a) ‘Haying-off’, the negative grain yield response of dryland wheat to nitrogen fertiliser. I. Biomass, grain yield, and water use. Aust J Agric Res 49(7):1067–1081
van Herwaarden AF, Angus JF, Richards RA, Farquhar GD (1998b) ‘Haying-off’, the negative grain yield response of dryland wheat to nitrogen fertiliser—II. Carbohydrate and protein dynamics. Aust J Agric Res 49(7):1083–1093
Virlet N, Sabermanesh K, Sadeghi-Tehran P, Hawkesford MJ (2016) Field scanalyzer: an automated robotic field phenotyping platform for detailed crop monitoring. Funct Plant Biol 44(1):143–153
Watanabe K, Guo W, Arai K, Takanashi H, Kajiya-Kanegae H, Kobayashi M, Yano K, Tokunaga T, Fujiwara T, Tsutsumi N, Iwata H (2017) High-throughput phenotyping of sorghum plant height using an unmanned aerial vehicle and its application to genomic prediction modeling. Front Plant Sci 8(421)
Wei D, Cui K, Ye G, Pan J, Xiang J, Huang J, Nie L (2012) QTL mapping for nitrogen-use efficiency and nitrogen-deficiency tolerance traits in rice. Plant Soil 359(1–2):281–295
White JW, Andrade-Sanchez P, Gore MA, Bronson KF, Coffelt TA, Conley MM, Feldmann KA, French AN, Heun JT, Hunsaker DJ (2012) Field-based phenomics for plant genetics research. Field Crops Res 133:101–112
Wolt JD (1994) Soil solution chemistry: applications to environmental science and agriculture. Wiley
Xu Y, Wang R, Tong Y, Zhao H, Xie Q, Liu D, Zhang A, Li B, Xu H, An D (2014) Mapping QTLs for yield and nitrogen-related traits in wheat: influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on QTL expression. Theor Appl Genet 127(1):59–72
Yang W, Guo Z, Huang C, Duan L, Chen G, Jiang N, Fang W, Feng H, Xie W, Lian X (2014) Combining high-throughput phenotyping and genome-wide association studies to reveal natural genetic variation in rice. Nat Commun 5
Yendrek C, Tomaz T, Montes CM, Cao Y, Morse AM, Brown PJ, McIntyre L, Leakey A, Ainsworth E (2016) High-throughput phenotyping of maize leaf physiology and biochemistry using hyperspectral reflectance. Plant Physiol 01447–02016
Zhang X, Huang C, Wu D, Qiao F, Li W, Duan L, Wang K, Xiao Y, Chen G, Liu Q, Xiong L, Yang W, Yan J (2017) High-throughput phenotyping and QTL mapping reveals the genetic architecture of maize plant growth. Plant Physiol 173(3):1554–1564
Acknowledgements
Funding was received from the Australian Research Council (LP130101055, IH130200027), and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hansen, N.J.S., Plett, D., Berger, B., Garnett, T. (2018). Tackling Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal Crops Using High-Throughput Phenotyping. In: Shrawat, A., Zayed, A., Lightfoot, D. (eds) Engineering Nitrogen Utilization in Crop Plants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92958-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92958-3_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92957-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92958-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)