Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sleep Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Perinatal Psychopharmacology

Abstract

The physiological and psychological alterations of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum may significantly impact a woman’s sleep. Sleep disorders during this time are common, including obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and, less commonly, narcolepsy. Early interventions to treat sleep disturbance during the perinatal period is recommended to avoid adverse maternal, fetal, and pregnancy outcomes. Pharmacotherapy is one management strategy, the risks of which in pregnancy and during breastfeeding must be weighed against the benefits. More rigorous, large-scale, controlled studies of the medications designed to treat these disorders during the perinatal period are needed. Clinicians are encouraged to consider the context of treatment goals, comorbidities, prior treatment responses, and patient preferences, with consideration for the specific sleep disorder in question when making treatment decisions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mindell JA, Cook RA, Nikolovski J. Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances across pregnancy. Sleep Med. 2015;16(4):483–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Paavonen EJ, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Pölkki P, Kylliäinen A, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Paunio T. Maternal and paternal sleep during pregnancy in the child-sleep birth cohort. Sleep Med. 2017;29:47–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Tsai SY, Lin JW, Kuo LT, Thomas KA. Daily sleep and fatigue characteristics in nulliparous women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Sleep. 2012;35(2):257–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Won CH. Sleeping for two: the great paradox of sleep in pregnancy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(6):593–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Hashmi AM, Bhatia SK, Bhatia SK, Khawaja IS. Insomnia during pregnancy: diagnosis and rational interventions. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(4):1030–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Sarberg M, Josefsson A, Wiréhn AB, Svanborg E. Restless legs syndrome during and after pregnancy and its relation to snoring. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(7):850–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Feldt-Rasmussen U, Mathiesen ER. Endocrine disorders in pregnancy: physiological and hormonal aspects of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25(6):875–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Venkata C, Venkateshiah SB. Sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(2):158–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Reichner CA. Insomnia and sleep deficiency in pregnancy. Obstet Med. 2015;8(4):168–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. de Sousa Michels D, Silveira Rodrigues AD, Nakanishi M, Lopes Sampaio AL, Ramos Venosa A. Nasal involvement in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Int J Otolaryngol. 2014;2014:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Elkus R, Popovich J Jr. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 1992;13(4):555–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mabry RL. Rhinitis of pregnancy. South Med J. 1986;79(8):965–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Abbott SM, Attarian H, Zee PC. Sleep disorders in perinatal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):159–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hübner A, Krafft A, Gadient S, Werth E, Zimmermann R, Bassetti CL. Characteristics and determinants of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a prospective study. Neurology. 2013;80(8):738–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Srivanitchapoom P, Pandey S, Hallett M. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(7):716–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. de Haas S, Ghossein-Doha C, van Kuijk SM, van Drongelen J, Spaanderman MEA. Physiological adaptation of maternal plasma volume during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2017;49(2):177–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lumbers ER, Pringle KG. Roles of the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in human pregnancy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;306(2):R91–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Demir UL, Demir BC, Oztosun E, Uyaniklar OO, Ocakoglu G. The effects of pregnancy on nasal physiology. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015;5(2):162–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gilbey P, McGruthers L, Morency AM, Shrim A. Rhinosinusitis-related quality of life during pregnancy. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(4):283–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sharma K, Sharma S, Chander D. Evaluation of audio-rhinological changes during pregnancy. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011;63(1):74–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Facco FL, Ouyang DW, Zee PC, Grobman WA. Sleep disordered breathing in a high-risk cohort prevalence and severity across pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(10):899–904.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Tan EK, Tan EL. Alterations in physiology and anatomy during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;27(6):791–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lancel M, Krömer S, Neumann ID. Intracerebral oxytocin modulates sleep–wake behaviour in male rats. Regul Pept. 2003;114(2–3):145–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nodine PM, Matthews EE. Common sleep disorders: management strategies and pregnancy outcomes. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2013;58(4):368–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Picchietti DL, Hensley JG, Bainbridge JL, Lee KA, Manconi M, McGregor JA, Silver RM, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease during pregnancy and lactation. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;22:64–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sedov ID, Cameron EE, Madigan S, Tomfohr-Madsen LM. Sleep quality during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;38:168–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Herring SJ, Nelson DB, Pien GW, Homko C, Goetzl LM, Davey A, Foster GD. Objectively measured sleep duration and hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Sleep Med. 2014;15(1):51–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lauderdale DS, Knutson KL, Yan LL, Liu K, Rathouz PJ. Sleep duration: how well do self-reports reflect objective measures? The CARDIA Sleep Study. Epidemiology. 2008;19(6):838–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Lee KA. Alterations in sleep during pregnancy and postpartum: a review of 30 years of research. Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2(4):231–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Moline ML, Broch L, Zak R, Gross V. Sleep in women across the life cycle from adulthood through menopause. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(2):155–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Pien GW, Schwab RJ. Sleep disorders during pregnancy. Sleep. 2004;27(7):1405–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Driver HS, Shapiro CM. A longitudinal study of sleep stages in young women during pregnancy and postpartum. Sleep. 1992;15(5):449–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wilson DL, Barnes M, Ellett L, Permezel M, Jackson M, Crowe SF. Decreased sleep efficiency, increase wake after sleep onset and increased cortical arousals in late pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;51(1):38–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kuijper EA, Ket JC, Caanen MR, Lambalk CB. Reproductive hormone concentrations in pregnancy and neonates: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online. 2013;27(1):33–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. da Silva Mda C, Oliveira Assis AM, Pinheiro SM, de Oliveira LP, da Cruz TR. Breastfeeding and maternal weight changes during 24 months post-partum: a cohort study. Matern Child Nutr. 2015;11(4):780–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Walker LO, Sterling BS, Timmerman GM. Retention of pregnancy-related weight in the early postpartum period: implications for women’s health services. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2005;34(4):418–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ibrahim S, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Sleep disorders in pregnancy: implications, evaluation, and treatment. Neurol Clin. 2012;30(3):925–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Sharkey KM, Pearlstein TB, Carskadon MA. Circadian phase shifts and mood across the perinatal period in women with a history of major depressive disorder: a preliminary communication. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(3):1103–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Thomas KA, Burr RL. Melatonin level and pattern in postpartum versus nonpregnant nulliparous women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006;35(5):608–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Filtness AJ, MacKenzie J, Armstrong K. Longitudinal change in sleep and daytime sleepiness in postpartum women. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103513.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kryger M, Roth T, Dement W. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Horiuchi S, Nishihara K. Analyses of mothers’ sleep logs in postpartum periods. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;53(2):137–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ko H, Shin J, Kim MY, Kim YH, Lee J, Kil KC, Moon HB, Lee G, Sa-Jin K, Kim BI. Sleep disturbances in Korean pregnant and postpartum women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2012;33(2):85–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Della-Giustina K, Chow G. Medications in pregnancy and lactation. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003;21(3):585–613.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Petersen I, McCrea RL, Lupattelli A, Nordeng H. Women’s perception of risks of adverse fetal pregnancy outcomes: a large-scale multinational survey. BMJ Open. 2015;5(6):e007390.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Sedov ID, Goodman SH, Tomfohr-Madsen LM. Insomnia treatment preferences during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2017;46(3):e95–e104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Zaki NM, Albarraq AA. Use, attitudes and knowledge of medications among pregnant women: a Saudi study. Saudi Pharm J. 2014;22(5):419–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual (AASM ICSD-3). 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lurie A. Obstructive sleep apnea in adults: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options. Adv Cardiol. 2011;46:1–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Antony KM, Agrawal A, Arndt ME, Murphy AM, Alapat PM, Guntupalli KK, Aagaard KM. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy: reliability of prevalence and prediction estimates. J Perinatol. 2014;34(8):587–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Tantrakul V, Numthavaj P, Guilleminault C, McEvoy M, Panburana P, Khaing W, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. Performance of screening questionnaires for obstructive sleep apnea during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;36:96–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pien GW, Pack AI, Jackson N, Maislin G, Macones GA, Schwab RJ. Risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy. Thorax. 2014;69(4):371–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Street LM, Aschenbrenner CA, Houle TT, Pinyan CW, Eisenach JC. Gestational obstructive sleep apnea: biomarker screening models and lack of postpartum resolution. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(4):549–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Sarberg M, Svanborg E, Wirehn AB, Josefsson A. Snoring during pregnancy and its relation to sleepiness and pregnancy outcome–a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Reid J, Glew RA, Skomro R, Fenton M, Cotton D, Olatunbosun F, Gjevre J, Guilleminault C. Sleep disordered breathing and gestational hypertension: postpartum follow-up study. Sleep. 2013;36(5):717–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Champagne K, Schwartzman K, Opatrny L, Barriga P, Morin L, Mallozzi A, Benjamin A, Kimoff RJ. Obstructive sleep apnoea and its association with gestational hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(3):559–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Zaremba S, Mueller N, Heisig AM, Shin CH, Jung S, Leffert LR, Bateman BT, Pugsley LJ, Nagasaka Y, Duarte IM, Ecker JL, Eikermann M. Elevated upper body position improves pregnancy-related OSA without impairing sleep quality or sleep architecture early after delivery. Chest. 2015;148(4):936–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Inoue Y, Takasaki Y, Yamashiro Y. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive modafinil treatment on residual excessive daytime sleepiness among nasal continuous positive airway pressure-treated Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a double-blind placebocontrolled study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(8):751–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Krystal A, Attarian H. Sleep medications and women: a review of issues to consider for optimizing the care of women with sleep disorders. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2016;2(4):218–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Cephalon, Inc. Nuvigil® (armodafinil) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Frazer, PA: Cephalon, Inc; 2017. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021875s023lbl.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Cephalon, Inc. Provigil® (modafinil) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Frazer, PA: Cephalon, Inc; 2015. Revised. http://www.provigil.com/PDFs/prescribing_info.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2018.

  62. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  63. Chen SJ, Shi L, Bao YP, Sun YK, Lin X, Que JY, Vitiello MV, Zhou YX, Wang YQ, Lu L. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;40:43–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Neau JP, Porcheron A, Mathis S, Julian A, Meurice JC, Paquereau J, Godeneche G, Ciron J, Bouche G. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: a questionnaire study in the Poitiers District, France. Eur Neurol. 2010;64(5):268–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Uglane MT, Westad S, Backe B. Restless legs syndrome in pregnancy is a frequent disorder with a good prognosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(9):1046–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Grover A, Clark-Bilodeau C, D’Ambrosio CM. Restless leg syndrome in pregnancy. Obstet Med. 2015;8(3):121–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Bazalakova M. Sleep disorders in pregnancy. Semin Neurol. 2017;37(6):661–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Manconi M, Govoni V, De Vito A, Economou NT, Cesnik E, Mollica G, Granieri E. Pregnancy as a risk factor for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2004;5(3):305–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Delgado Rodrigues RN, Alvim de Abreu E, Silva Rodrigues AA, Pratesi R, Krieger J. Outcome of restless legs severity after continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment in patients affected by the association of RLS and obstructive sleep apneas. Sleep Med. 2006;7(3):235–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Wesström J, Skalkidou A, Manconi M, Fulda S, Sundström-Poromaa I. Pre-pregnancy restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom Disease) is associated with perinatal depression. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(5):527–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Silber MH, Becker PM, Earley C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Ondo WG. Willis-Ekbom Disease Foundation revised consensus statement on the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(9):977–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Application number: 022399Orig1s000 [Internet]. 2011. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2011/022399Orig1s000Approv.pdf. Accessed 9 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Guttuso T Jr, Shaman M, Thornburg LL. Potential maternal symptomatic benefit of gabapentin and review of its safety in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;181:280–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. GlaxoSmithKline. Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil) extended-release tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2012. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/022399s006,s007lbl.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kristensen JH, Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kohan R. Gabapentin and breastfeeding: a case report. J Hum Lact. 2006;22(4):426–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pfizer. Lyrica® CR (pregabalin) extended-release tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. New York, NY: Pfizer; 2017. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/209501s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar 2018.

  77. Öhman I, Tomson T. Gabapentin kinetics during delivery, in the neonatal period, and during lactation. Epilepsia. 2009;50(Suppl 10):108.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Öhman I, Vitols S, Tomson T. Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin during delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation: does a fetal accumulation occur during pregnancy? Epilepsia. 2005;46(10):1621–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Armstrong C. AASM updates treatment guidelines for restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(4):290–2.

    Google Scholar 

  80. European Medicines Agency. Leganto rotigotine [Internet]. 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/002380/WC500107911.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

  81. European Medicines Agency. Mirapexin pramipexole [Internet]. 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/000134/WC500029246.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 2018.

  82. European Medicines Agency. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) opinion following an article 29(2) referral Adartrel International Non-Proprietary Name (INN): ropinirole [Internet]. 2006. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Adartrel_29/WC500010101.pdf. Accessed 23 Apr 2018.

  83. MedlinePlus. Pramipexole [Internet]. 2017 Revised. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a697029.html. Accessed 26 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  84. GlaxoSmithKline. Requip XL (ropinirole) extended-release tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2008. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/022008s001lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  85. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. NDA 21829/S-001 and S-002 [Internet]. 2012. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2012/021829s001,s002ltr.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

  86. Andersohn F, Garbe E. Cardiac and noncardiac fibrotic reactions caused by ergot-and nonergot-derived dopamine agonists. Mov Disord. 2009;24(1):129–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pergolide (marketed as Permax) information [Internet]. 2015. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm143341.htm. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

  88. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Mirapex® (pramipexole dihydrochloride) extended-release tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2016. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020667s033lbl.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  89. UCB, Inc. Neupro (rotigotine transdermal system) [highlights of prescribing information]. Smyrna, GA: UCB, Inc; 2016. Revised. https://www.neupro.com/neupro-prescribing-information.pdf?v=1489766618. Accessed 5 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rytary (carbidopa and levodopa) extended-release capsules. Important safety information [Internet]. 2017. https://rytary.com. Accessed 18 Nov 2016.

  91. Dostal M, Weber-Schoendorfer C, Sobesky J, Schaefer C. Pregnancy outcome following use of levodopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine for restless legs syndrome during pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(9):1241–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Serikawa T, Shimohata T, Akashi M, Yokoseki A, Tsuchiya M, Hasegawa A, Haino K, Koike R, Takakuwa K, Tanaka K, Tanaka K, Nishizawa M. Successful twin pregnancy in a patient with parkin-associated autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Trenkwalder C. Emergency call from gynecologists: how to treat restless legs syndrome during pregnancy? Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(9):1223–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Watanabe T, Matsubara S, Baba Y, Tanaka H, Suzuki T, Suzuki M. Successful management of pregnancy in a patient with Segawa disease: case report and literature review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009;35(3):562–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Impax Pharmaceuticals. Rytary (carbidopa and levodopa) extended-release capsules [highlights of prescribing information]. Hayward, CA: Impax Pharmaceuticals; 2015. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/203312s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Fitzgerald P, Dinan TG. Prolactin and dopamine: what is the connection? A review article. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(2 Suppl):12–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Dikeos DG, Theleritis CG, Soldatos CR. Benzodiazepines: effects on sleep. In: Pandi-Perumal SR, Verster JC, Monti JM, Lader M, Langer SZ, editors. Sleep disorders: diagnosis and therapeutics. London: Informa Healthcare; 2008. p. 220–2.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Carlos K, Prado GF, Teixeira CDM, Conti C, de Oliveira MM, Prado LBF, Carvalho LBC. Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3:CD006939.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, Rowley JA, Zak RS, Casey KR, Lamm CI, Tracy SL, Rosenberg RS, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses. Sleep. 2012;35(8):1039–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Bostwick JR, Casher MI, Yasugi S. Benzodiazepines: a versatile clinical tool; evidence supports their use for alcohol withdrawal, insomnia, anxiety disorders, and other conditions. Curr Psychiatr Ther. 2012;11(4):54–64.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Howard P, Twycross R, Shuster J, Mihalyo M, Wilcock A. Benzodiazepine. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(5):955–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Brand S, Beck J, Hatzinger M, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Patients suffering from restless leg syndrome have low internal locus of control and poor psychological functioning compared to healthy controls. Neuropsychobiology. 2013;68(1):51–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Eros E, Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sorensen HT, Olsen J. A population based case-control teratologic study of nitrazepam, medazepam, tofisopam, alprazolum and clonazepam treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2002;101(2):147–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Lin AE, Peller AJ, Westgate MN, Houde K, Franz A, Holmes LB. Clonazepam use in pregnancy and the risk of malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2004;70(8):534–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Samrén EB, van Duijn CM, Christiaens GC, Hofman A, Lindhout D. Antiepileptic drug regimens and major congenital abnormalities in the offspring. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(5):739–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Weinstock L, Cohen LS, Bailey JW, Blatman R, Rosenbaum JF. Obstetrical and neonatal outcome following clonazepam use during pregnancy: a case series. Psychother Psychosom. 2001;70(3):158–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Committee on Obstetric Practice, American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). ACOG committee opinion 711: opioid use and opioid disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):e81–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Trenkwalder C, Winkelmann J, Inoue Y, Paulus W. Restless legs syndrome-current therapies and management of augmentation. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(8):434–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Silber MH, Becker PM, Buchfuhrer MJ, Earley CJ, Ondo WG, Walters AS, Winkelman JW. The appropriate use of opioids in the treatment of refractory restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(1):59–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Henning WA, Walters A, Kavey N, Gidro-Frank S, Côté L, Fahn S. Dyskinesias while awake and periodic movements in sleep in restless legs syndrome: treatment with opioids. Neurology. 1986;36(10):1363–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Mizoguchi H, Takagi H, Watanabe C, Yonezawa A, Sato T, Sakurada T, Sakurada S. Involvement of multiple μ-opioid receptor subtypes on the presynaptic or postsynaptic inhibition of spinal pain transmission. Peptides. 2014;51:15–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Ondo WG. Methadone for refractory restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2005;20(3):345–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, Hening W, Rosen R, Allen RP, Trenkwalder C, International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003;4(2):121–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Walters AS, Winkelmann J, Trenkwalder C, Fry JM, Kataria V, Wagner M, Sharma R, Hening W, Li L. Long-term follow-up on restless legs syndrome patients treated with opioids. Mov Disord. 2001;16(6):1105–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. de Oliveira CO, Carvalho LB, Carlos K, Conti C, de Oliveira MM, Prado LBF, Prado GF. Opioids for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;6:CD006941.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Broussard CS, Rasmussen SA, Reefhuis J, Friedman JM, Jann MW, Riehle-Colarusso T, Honein MA. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(4):314e.1–314e.11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Nezvalova-Henriksen K, Spigset O, Nordeng H. Effects of codeine on pregnancy outcome: results from a large population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(12):1253–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Yazdy MM, Mitchell AA, Tinker SC, Parker SE, Werler MM. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(4):838–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  119. Kellogg A, Rose CH, Harms RH, Watson WJ. Current trends in narcotic use in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(3):259e1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Lam J, Kelly L, Ciszkowski C, Landsmeer ML, Nauta M, Carleton BC, Hayden MR, Madadi P, Koren G. Central nervous system depression of neonates breastfed by mothers receiving oxycodone for postpartum analgesia. J Pediatr. 2012;160(1):33–7. e2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Timm NL. Maternal use of oxycodone resulting in opioid intoxication in her breastfed neonate. J Pediatr. 2013;162(2):421–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Tramadol hydrochloride extended-release capsules [highlights of prescribing information] [Internet]. 2010. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2010/022370s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 26 Apr 2018.

  123. Fernández-Alonso AM, Trabalón-Pastor M, Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR. Factors related to insomnia and sleepiness in the late third trimester of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(1):55–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Kizilirmak A, Timur S, Kartal B. Insomnia in pregnancy and factors related to insomnia. Sci World J. 2012;2012:197093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Jones CR. Diagnostic and management approach to common sleep disorders during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56(2):360–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Allen RP, Barker PB, Horská A, Earley CJ. Thalamic glutamate/glutamine in restless legs syndrome increased and related to disturbed sleep. Neurology. 2013;80(22):2028–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Luyster FS, Buysse DJ, Strollo PJ Jr. Comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea: challenges for clinical practice and research. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(2):196–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Mellor R, Chua SC, Boyce P. Antenatal depression: an artefact of sleep disturbance? Arch Womens Ment Health. 2014;17(4):291–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Sivertsen B, Hysing M, Dørheim SK, Eberhard-Gran M. Trajectories of maternal sleep problems before and after childbirth: a longitudinal population-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:129.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  130. Sivertsen B, Petrie KJ, Skogen JC, Hysing M, Eberhard-Gran M. Insomnia before and after childbirth: the risk of developing postpartum pain—a longitudinal population-based study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;210:348–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Tomfohr LM, Buliga E, Letourneau NL, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF. Trajectories of sleep quality and associations with mood during the perinatal period. Sleep. 2015;38(8):1237–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Sateia MJ, Sherrill WC Jr, Winter-Rosenberg C, Heald JL. Payer perspective of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline for the pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(2):155–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(2):125–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, Bjorvatn B, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Espie CA, Garcia-Borreguero D, Gjerstad M, Gonçalves M, Hertenstein E, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Jennum PJ, Leger D, Nissen C, Parrino L, Paunio T, Pevernagie D, Verbraecken J, Weeß HG, Wichniak A, Zavalko I, Arnardottir ES, Deleanu OC, Strazisar B, Zoetmulder M, Spiegelhalder K. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):675–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Carney CE. Insomnia and performance- helping your patients remain alert and effective [Internet]. Insomnia Rounds. 2013;2(3). https://cssscs.ca/files/resources/insomnia-rounds/150-009_Eng.pdf . Accessed 1 Mar 2018.

  136. Mitchell MD, Gehrman P, Perlis M, Umscheid CA. Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2012;13:40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Smith MT, Perlis ML, Park A, Smith MS, Pennington J, Giles DE, Buysse DJ. Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(1):5–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Tomfohr-Madsen LM, Clayborne ZM, Rouleau CR, Campbell TS. Sleeping for two: an open-pilot study of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in pregnancy. Behav Sleep Med. 2017;15(5):377–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Swanson LM, Flynn H, Adams-Mundy JD, Armitage R, Arnedt JT. An open pilot of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in women with postpartum depression. Behav Sleep Med. 2013;11(4):297–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. MacFarlane J. Taking control of acute insomnia- restoring healthy sleep pattern [Internet]. Insomnia Rounds 2012;1(2). https://css-scs.ca/files/resources/insomnia-rounds/150-002_Eng.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2018.

  141. Asnis GM, Thomas M, Henderson MA. Pharmacotherapy treatment options for insomnia: a primer for clinicians. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Calderon-Margalit R, Qiu C, Ornoy A, Siscovick, Williams MA. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(6):579.e1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Crump C, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. Preterm birth and psychiatric medication prescription in young adulthood: a Swedish national cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(6):1522–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Källén B, Reis M. Neonatal complications after maternal concomitant use of SSRI and other central nervous system active drugs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(5):608–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Wikner BN, Stiller CO, Bergman U, Asker C, Källén B. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(11):1203–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Yonkers KA, Gilstad-Hayden K, Forray A, Lipkind HS. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with risk of adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(11):1145–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. NDA 21–476. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2004. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2004/021476ltr.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  148. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval package for application number: 21774Orig1s003. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 2007. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021774Orig1s003.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  149. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. NDA 20–859. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 1999. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/1999/20859ltr.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Drover DR. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short-acting hypnosedatives: zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(4):227–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Greenblatt DJ, Roth T. Zolpidem for insomnia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;13(6):879–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Huedo-Medina TB, Kirsch I, Middlemass J, Klonizakis M, Siriwardena AN. Effectiveness of non-benzodiazepine hypnotics in treatment of adult insomnia: meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. BMJ. 2012;345:e8343.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Randall S, Roehrs TA, Roth T. Efficacy of eight months of nightly zolpidem: a prospective placebo-controlled study. Sleep. 2012;35(11):1551–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Gunja N. In the Zzz zone: the effects of Z-drugs on human performance and driving. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(2):163–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Gunja N. The clinical and forensic toxicology of Z-drugs. J Med Toxicol. 2013;9(2):155–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Stranks EK, Crowe SF. The acute cognitive effects of zopiclone, zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2014;36(7):691–700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Wikner BN, Källén B. Are hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonists teratogenic in humans? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(3):356–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Wang LH, Lin HC, Lin CC, Chen YH, Lin HC. Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women receiving zolpidem during pregnancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88(3):369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Ambien. Ambien® (zolpidem tartrate) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC; 2008. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/019908s027lbl.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. Lunesta® (eszopiclone) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Marlborough, MA: Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2014. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021476s030lbl.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Darwish M, Martin PT, Cevallos WH, Tse S, Wheeler S, Troy SM. Rapid disappearance of zaleplon from breast milk after oral administration to lactating women. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;39(7):670–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. Rozerem (ramelteon) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Deerfield, IL: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc; 2017. Revised. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=63823b05-b54b-4221-9be9-5865d9221ee1&type=display#S14.3. Accessed 1 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Government of Canada, Health Canada. Drug product database online query [Internet]. 2017. Modified. https://health-products.canada.ca/dpd-bdpp/index-eng.jsp. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Neubauer DN. A review of ramelteon in the treatment of sleep disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4(1):69–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Kuriyama A, Honda M, Hayashino Y. Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2014;15(4):385–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Mayer G, Wang-Weigand S, Roth-Schechter B, Lehmann R, Staner C, Partinen M. Efficacy and safety of 6-month nightly ramelteon administration in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2009;32(3):351–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Roth T, Rogowski R, Hull S, Schwartz H, Koshorek G, Corser B, Seiden D, Lankford A. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in adults with primary insomnia. Sleep. 2007;30(11):1555–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Roth T, Seiden D, Sainati S, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J, Zee P. Effects of ramelteon on patient-reported sleep latency in older adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep Med. 2006;7(4):312–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Roth T, Seiden D, Wang-Weigand S, Zhang J. A 2-night, 3-period, crossover study of ramelteon’s efficacy and safety in older adults with chronic insomnia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(5):1005–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Watanabe A, Hirose M, Kitajima T, Tomita S, Esaki Y, Iwata N. A retrospective study of the efficacy of ramelteon for insomnia: relevance of dose and timing of administration. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2018;16(1):69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Zammit G, Erman M, Wang-Weigand S, Sainati S, Zhang J, Roth T. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of ramelteon in subjects with chronic insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(5):495–504.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Minkel J, Krystal AD. Optimizing the pharmacologic treatment of insomnia: current status and future horizons. Sleep Med Clin. 2013;8(3):333–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Neurim Pharmaceuticals. Summary for positive opinion for circadin® (EMA press release). Tel Aviv-Yafo: Neurim Pharmaceuticals; 2007. http://www.neurim.com/news/2007-04-26/summary-of-positive-opinion-for-circadin-emea-press-release/. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, Baker G, Klassen TP, Vohra S. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(12):1151–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Wade AG, Crawford G, Ford I, McConnachie A, Nir T, Laudon M, Zisapel N. Prolonged release melatonin in the treatment of primary insomnia: evaluation of the age cut-off for short- and long-term response. Curr Med Res Opin. 2011;27(1):87–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Regan MM, Taylor JA, Shi JP, Leclair OU. Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):4727–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Nonacs R. You asked: is it safe to take melatonin during pregnancy? Boston, MA: MGH Centre for Women’s Mental Health; 2015. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/you-asked-is-it-safe-to-take-melatonin-during-pregnancy/. Accessed 4 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Silenor™ (doxepin) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2010. Revised. https://www.silenor.com/Content/pdf/prescribing-information.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Krystal AD, Durrence HH, Scharf M, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Ludington E, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1mg and 3 mg in a 12-week sleep laboratory and outpatient trial of elderly subjects with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2010;33(11):1553–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Krystal AD, Lankford A, Durrence HH, Ludington E, Jochelson P, Rogowski R, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 3 and 6 mg in a 35-day sleep laboratory trial in adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep. 2011;34(10):1433–42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Lankford A, Rogowski R, Essink B, Ludington E, Heith Durrence H, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 6 mg in a four-week outpatient trial of elderly adults with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med. 2012;13(2):133–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Scharf M, Rogowski R, Hull S, Cohn M, Mayleben D, Feldman N, Ereshefsky L, Lankford A, Roth T. Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly patients with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(10):1557–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Frey OR, Scheidt P, von Brenndorff AI. Adverse effects in a newborn infant breast-fed by a mother treated with doxepin. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(6):690–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Kemp J, Ilett KF, Booth J, Hackett LP. Excretion of doxepin and N-desmethyldoxepin in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;20(5):497–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Matheson I, Pande H, Alertsen AR. Respiratory depression caused by N-desmethyldoxepin in breast milk. Lancet. 1985;326(8464):1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Update on psychotropic drug prescribing in the United States: 2014–2015. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;38(1):1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Walsh JK, Erman M, Erwin CW, Jamieson A, Mahowald M, Regestein Q, Scharf M, Tigel P, Vogel G, Ware JC. Subjective hypnotic efficacy of trazodone and zolpidem in DSMIII–R primary insomnia. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1998;13(3):191–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC. Desyrel (trazodone hydrochloride) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Locust Valley, NY: Pragma Pharmaceuticals, LLC; 2017. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/018207s032lbl.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Moscovici L, Kotler M. A multistage chronobiologic intervention for the treatment of depression: a pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2009;116(3):201–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Okun ML, Kiewra K, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, Wisner KL. Sleep disturbances in depressed and nondepressed pregnant women. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(8):676–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Whitman DB, Schreier JD, McGaughey GB, Bogusky MJ, Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Reiss DR, Harrell CM, Murphy KL, Garson SL, Doran SM, Prueksaritanont T, Anderson WB, Tang C, Roller S, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Hartman GD, Young SD, Koblan KS, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of the dual orexin receptor antagonist [(7R)-4-(5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-7-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone (MK-4305) for the treatment of insomnia. J Med Chem. 2010;53(14):5320–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Gatfield J, Brisbare-Roch C, Jenck F, Boss C. Orexin receptor antagonists: a new concept in CNS disorders? ChemMedChem. 2010;5(8):1197–214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, Doran SM, Tannenbaum PL, Breslin MJ, Garson SL, Fox SV, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Reiss DR, Cui D, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. Promotion of sleep by suvorexant – a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Neurogenet. 2011;25(1–2):52–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Approval package for application number: 204569Orig1s000 [Internet]. 2014. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2014/204569orig1s000approv.pdf. Accessed 18 Apr 2018.

  197. Government of Canada. Drug and health products submissions under review (SUR) [Internet]. 2018. Modified https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drug-health-product-review-approval/submissions-under-review.html. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

  198. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Belsomra® (suvorexant) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp; 2018. Revised. https://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/b/belsomra/belsomra_pi.pdf. Accessed 24 May 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Hermes EDA, Sernyak M, Rosenheck R. Use of second-generation antipsychotic agents for sleep and sedation: a provider survey. Sleep. 2013;36(4):597–600.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  200. Pringsheim T, Gardner DM. Dispensed prescriptions for quetiapine and other second-generation antipsychotics in Canada from 2005 to 2012: a descriptive study. CMAJ Open. 2014;2(4):E225–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  201. Lie JD, Tu KN, Shen DD, Wong BM. Pharmacological treatment of insomnia. P T. 2015;40(11):759–68–771.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Chisolm MS, Payne JL. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ. 2016;352:h5918.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Cohen LS, Viguera AC, McInerney KA, Freeman MP, Sosinsky AZ, Moustafa D, Marfurt SP, Kwiatkowski MA, Murphy SK, Farrell AM, Chitayat D, Hernández-Díaz S. Reproductive safety of second-generation antipsychotics: current data from the Massachusetts general hospital national pregnancy registry for atypical antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(3):263–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Huybrechts KF, Hernández-Díaz S, Patorno E, Desai RJ, Mogun H, Dejene SZ, Cohen JM, Panchaud A, Cohen L, Bateman BT. Antipsychotic use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(9):938–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  205. Uguz F. Second-generation antipsychotics during the lactation period: a comparative systematic review on infant safety. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36(3):244–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Hummels H, Bertholee D, van der Meer D, Smit JP, Wilffert B, Ter Horst P. The quality of lactation studies including antipsychotics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;72(12):1417–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Seroquel® (quetiapine fumarate) tablets [highlights of prescribing information]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 2009. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020639s045s046lbl.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Eli Lilly and Company. Zyprexa (olanzapine) tablets, injection powder [highlights of prescribing information]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company; 2009. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/020592s051,021086s030,021253s036lbl.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Thompson W, Quay TAW, Rojas-Fernandez C, Farrell B, Bjerre LM. Atypical antipsychotics for insomnia: a systematic review. Sleep Med. 2016;22:13–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Krystal AD, Benca RM, Kilduff TS. Understanding the sleep-wake cycle: sleep, insomnia, and the orexin system. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(suppl 1):3–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Foldvary-Schaefer N, De Leon Sanchez I, Karafa M, Mascha E, Dinner D, Morris HH. Gabapentin increases slow-wave sleep in normal adults. Epilepsia. 2002;43(12):1493–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Furey SA, Hull SG, Leibowitz MT, Jayawardena S, Roth T. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, 28-day, polysomnographic study of gabapentin in transient insomnia induced by sleep phase advance. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(10):1101–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. Cephalon, Inc. Gabitril® (tiagabine hydrochloride) tablets [prescribing information Rx only]. Frazer, PA: Cephalon, Inc; 2016. Revised. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020646s021lbl.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Davanzo R, Dal Bo S, Bua J, Copertino M, Zanelli E, Matarazzo L. Antiepileptic drugs and breastfeeding. Ital J Pediatr. 2013;39:50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Etwel F, Faught LH, Rieder MJ, Koren G. The risk of adverse pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to H1 antihistamines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2017;40(2):121–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Okun ML, Ebert R, Saini B. A review of sleep-promoting medications used in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gyenecol. 2015;212(4):428–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. MedlinePlus. Diphenhydramine [Internet]. 2018. Revised. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682539.html. Accessed 26 Apr 2018.

  218. MedlinePlus. Doxylamine [Internet]. 2018. Revised. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682537.html. Accessed 26 Apr 2018.

  219. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Asthma in pregnancy practice bulletin number 90 [Internet]. Reaffirmed. 2016. https://www.acog.org/Search?Keyword=asthma+in+pregnancy. Accessed 26 Apr 2018.

  220. Dombrowski MP, Schatz M, ACOG (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin: clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 90, February 2008: asthma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(2 Pt1):457–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. So M, Bozzo P, Inoue M, Einarson A. Safety of antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56(5):427–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. American Sleep Association. Narcolepsy [Internet]. 2018. https://www.sleepassociation.org/sleep-disorders-n/narcolepsy/. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

  223. Scammell TE. Narcolepsy. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(27):2654–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Maurovich-Horvat E, Kemlink D, Högl B, Frauscher B, Ehrmann L, Geisler P, Ettenhuber K, Mayer G, Peraita-Adrados R, Calvo E, Lammers GJ, Van der Heide A, Ferini-Strambi L, Plazzi G, Poli F, Dauvilliers Y, Jennum P, Leonthin H, Mathis J, Wierzbicka A, Puertas FJ, Beitinger PA, Arnulf I, Riha RL, Tormášiová M, Slonková J, Nevšímalová S, Sonka K, European Narcolepsy Network. Narcolepsy and pregnancy: a retrospective European evaluation of 249 pregnancies. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(5):496–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Thorpy M, Zhao CG, Dauvilliers Y. Management of narcolepsy during pregnancy. Sleep Med. 2013;14(4):367–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Narcolepsy. Neurol Clin. 1996;14(3):545–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Mignot E, Hayduk R, Black J, Grumet FC, Guilleminault C. HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients. Sleep. 1997;20(11):1012–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Silber MH, Krahn LE, Olson EJ, Pankratz VS. The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Sleep. 2002;25(2):197–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Swick TJ. Treatment paradigms for cataplexy in narcolepsy: past, present, and future. Nat Sci Sleep. 2015;7:159–69.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  230. Barker EC, Puchowicz M, Letterio J, Higgins K, Sharkey KM. GHB levels in breast milk of women with narcolepsy with cataplexy treated with sodium oxybate. Sleep Med. 2017;36:172–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Calvo-Ferrandiz E, Peraita-Adrados R. Narcolepsy with cataplexy and pregnancy: a case–control study. J Sleep Res. 2018;27(2):268–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Morgenthaler TI, Kapur VK, Brown T, Swick TJ, Alessi C, Auroroa N, Boehlecke B, Chesson AL Jr, Friedman L, Maganti R, Owens J, Pancer J, Zak R, Standards of Practice of Committee of the AASM (American Academy of Sleep Medicine). Practice parameters for the Treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin an American academy of sleep medicine report. Sleep. 2007;30(12):1705–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  233. European Medicines Agency. Modafinil [Internet]. 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/referrals/Modafinil/human_referral_000236.jsp. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

  234. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. American Academy of Sleep Medicine statement on the use of Provigil [Internet]. 2012. https://aasm.org/american-academy-of-sleep-medicine-statement-on-the-use-of-provigil/. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

  235. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. NDA 20–717. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration; 1998. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/1998/20717ltr.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Teva Canada Innovation. Alertec® modafinil a guide for prescribers [Internet]. 2017. http://www.tevacanadainnovation.com/downloads/Alertec_Prescribers_EN.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

  237. Maski K, Steinhart E, Williams D, Scammell T, Flygare J, McCleary K, Gow M. Listening to the patient voice in narcolepsy: diagnostic delay, disease burden, and treatment efficacy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(3):419–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  238. Black JE, Hull SG, Tiller J, Yang R, Harsh JR. The long-term tolerability and efficacy of armodafinil in patients with excessive sleepiness associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea, shift work disorder, or narcolepsy: an open-label extension study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(5):458–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  239. Black J, Pardi D, Hornfeldt CS, Inhaber N. The nightly use of sodium oxybate is associated with a reduction in nocturnal sleep disruption: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(6):596–602.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  240. Tembe DV, Dhavale A, Desai H, Mane DN, Raut SK, Dhingra G, Sardesai U, Saoji S, Rohra M, Shinde VG, Padsalge M. Armodafinil versus modafinil in patients of excessive sleepiness associated with shift work sleep disorder: a randomized double blind multicentric clinical trial. Neurol Res Int. 2011;2011:514351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  241. Abad VC, Guilleminault C. New developments in the management of narcolepsy. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017;9:39–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  242. Mignot EJ. A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(4):739–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  243. Calik MW. Update on the treatment of narcolepsy: clinical efficacy of pitolisant. Nat Sci Sleep. 2017;9:127–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  244. Williams SF, Alvarez JR, Pedro HF, Apuzzio JJ. Glutaric aciduria type II and narcolepsy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(2 Part 2):522–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Billiard M, Dauvilliers Y, Dolenc-Grošelj L, Lammers GJ, Mayer G, Sonka K. Management of narcolepsy in adults. In: Gilhus NE, Barnes MP, Brainin M, editors. European handbook of neurological management, vol. 1. 2nd ed. New Castle: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc. Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution [product monograph including patient medication information]. Leinster: Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2018. Revised. http://pp.jazzpharma.com/pi/xyrem.ca.PM-en.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Swieca J, Teng A, Davey M, Djavadkhani Y, Grunstein R, Banerjee D, Hamilton G. ASA position statement and guidelines, regarding the use of sodium oxybate in the treatment of narcolepsy. Blacktown, NSW: Australian Sleep Association; 2013. https://www.sleep.org.au/documents/item/1120. Accessed 13 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  248. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves a generic of Xyrem with a REMS Program. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2017. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm537281.htm. Accessed 12 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Alshaikh MK, Tricco AC, Tashkandi M, Mamdani M, Straus SE, BaHammam AS. Sodium oxybate for narcolepsy with cataplexy: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8(4):451–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  250. Black J, Houghton WC. Sodium oxybate improves excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. Sleep. 2006;29(7):939–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Wise MS, Arand DL, Auger RR, Brooks SN, Watson NF, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007;30(12):1712–27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  252. U.S. Xyrem® Multicenter Study Group. Sodium oxybate demonstrates long-term efficacy for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2004;5(2):119–123.

    Google Scholar 

  253. U.S. Xyrem® Multicenter Study Group. A 12-month, open-label, multicenter extension trial of orally administered sodium oxybate for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003;26(1):31–35.

    Google Scholar 

  254. U.S. Xyrem® Multicenter Study Group. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2002;25(1):42–49.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Kamal RM, van Noorden MS, Franzek E, Dijkstra BA, Loonen AJ, De Jong CA. The neurobiological mechanisms of gamma-hydroxybutyrate dependence and withdrawal and their clinical relevance: a review. Neuropsychobiology. 2016;73(2):65–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Owen RT. Sodium oxybate: efficacy, safety and tolerability in the treatment of narcolepsy with or without cataplexy. Drugs Today (Barc). 2008;44(3):197–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. George CF, Feldman N, Inhaber N, Steininger TL, Grzeschik SM, Lai C, Zheng Y. A safety trial of sodium oxybate in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: acute effects on sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med. 2010;11(1):38–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Seeck-Hirschner M, Baier PC, Von Freier A, Aldenhoff J, Göder R. Increase in sleep- related breathing disturbances after treatment with sodium oxybate in patients with narcolepsy and mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: two case reports. Sleep Med. 2009;10(1):154–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. European Medicines Agency. Annex I summary of product characteristics [Internet]. 2015. Renewed. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000593/WC500057103.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution [highlights of prescribing information]. Palo Alto, CA: Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2018. Revised. http://pp.jazzpharma.com/pi/xyrem.en.USPI.pdf. Accessed 8 Mar 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Busardò FP, Bertol E, Mannocchi G, Tittarelli R, Pantano F, Vaiano F, Baglio G, Kyriakou C, Marinelli E. Determination of GHB levels in breast milk and correlation with blood concentrations. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;265:172–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Gashlin LZ, Sullo D, Lawrence RA, Rosen-Carole C. Treatment of narcolepsy with sodium oxybate while breastfeeding: a case report. Breastfeed Med. 2016;11(5):261–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  263. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. The voice of a patient a series of reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) Patient-Focused Drug Development Initiative [Internet]. 2014. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/PrescriptionDrugUserFee/UCM402907.pdf. Accessed 24 Apr 2018.

  264. Thorpy MJ, Dauvilliers Y. Clinical and practical considerations in the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2015;16(1):9–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Ornoy A. Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Pharm Res. 2018;35(3):46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Auger RR, Goodman SH, Silber MH, Krahn LE, Pankratz VS, Slocumb NL. Risks of high-dose stimulants in the treatment of disorders of excessive somnolence: a case-control study. Sleep. 2005;28(6):667–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Bayard S, Langenier MC, Dauvilliers Y. Effect of psychostimulants on impulsivity and risk taking in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep. 2013;36(9):1335–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  268. Bayard S, Dauvilliers YA. Reward-based behaviors and emotional processing in human with narcolepsy–cataplexy. Front Behav Neurosci. 2013;7:50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  269. Haervig KB, Mortensen LH, Hansen AV, Strandberg-Larsen K. Use of ADHD medication during pregnancy from 1999 to 2010: a Danish register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2014;23(5):526–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Pottegård A, Hallas J, Andersen JT, Løkkegaard EC, Dideriksen D, Aagaard L, Damkier P. First-trimester exposure to methylphenidate: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(1):e88–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Bolea-Alamanac BM, Green A, Verma G, Maxwell P, Davies SJ. Methylphenidate use in pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review of evidence. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(1):96–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Bro SP, Kjaersgaard MI, Parner ET, Sørensen MJ, Olsen J, Bech BH, Henning Pedersen LH, Christensen J, Vestergaard M. Adverse pregnancy outcomes after exposure to methylphenidate or atomoxetine during pregnancy. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:139–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  273. Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Arnon J, Wajnberg R, Borisch C, Beck E, Richardson JL, Bozzo P, Nulman I, Ornoy A. Methylphenidate in pregnancy: a multicenter, prospective, comparative, observational study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(9):1176–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Huybrechts KF, Bröms G, Christensen LB, Einarsdóttir K, Engeland A, Furu K, Gissler M, Hernandez-Diaz S, Karlsson P, Karlstad Ø, Kieler H, Lahesmaa-Korpinen AM, Mogun H, Nørgaard M, Reutfors J, Sørensen HT, Zoega H, Bateman BT. Association between methylphenidate and amphetamine use in pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations a cohort study from the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(2):167–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Källén B, Borg N, Reis M. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2013;6(10):1221–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Hale TW, Paterson R, Ilett KF. Methylphenidate and breast feeding. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(10):1890–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Spigset O, Brede WR, Zahken K. Excretion of methylphenidate in breast milk. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(2):348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Shah R, Diaz SD, Arria A, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, Smith LM, Huestis MA, Haning W, Strauss A, Della Grotta S, Dansereau LM, Roberts MB, Neal C, Lester BM. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and short-term maternal and infant medical outcomes. Am J Perinatol. 2012;29(5):391–400.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  279. LaGasse LL, Wouldes T, Newman E, Smith LM, Shah RZ, Derauf C, Huestis MA, Arria AM, Della Grotta S, Wilcox T, Lester BM. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neonatal neurobehavioral outcome in the USA and New Zealand. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2011;33(1):166–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Good MM, Solt I, Acuna JG, Rotmensch S, Kim MJ. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal implications. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(2 pt 1):330–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Ladhani NN, Shah PS, Murphy KE. Prenatal amphetamine exposure and birth outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(3):219.e1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Wright TE, Schuetter R, Tellei J, Sauvage L. Methamphetamines and pregnancy outcomes. J Addict Med. 2015;9(2):111–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  283. Kiblawi ZN, Smith LM, Diaz SD, LaGasse LL, Derauf C, Newman E, Shah R, Arria A, Huestis M, Haning W, Strauss A, DellaGrotta S, Dansereau LM, Neal C, Lester B. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neonatal and infant neurobehavioral outcome: results from the IDEAL study. Subst Abus. 2014;35(1):68–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  284. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):776–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. Ilett KF, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Kohan R. Transfer of dexamphetamine into breast milk during treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(3):371–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Öhman I, Wikner BN, Beck O, Sarman I. Narcolepsy treated with racemic amphetamine during pregnancy and breastfeeding. J Hum Lact. 2015;31(3):374–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Dauvilliers Y, Siegel JM, Lopez R, Torontali ZA, Peever JH. Cataplexy—clinical aspects, pathophysiology and management strategy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(7):386–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  288. Pillen S, Pizza F, Dhondt K, Scammell TE, Overeem S. Cataplexy and its mimics: clinical recognition and management. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017;19(6):23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Barateau L, Lopez R, Dauvilliers Y. Management of narcolepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2016;18:43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Thorpy MJ. Update on therapy for narcolepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2015;17(5):347.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Frey J, Darbonne C. Fluoxetine suppresses human cataplexy: a pilot study. Neurology. 1994;44(4):707–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Langdon N, Shindler J, Parkes JD, Bandak S. Fluoxetine in the treatment of cataplexy. Sleep. 1986;9(2):371–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Magyar K. The pharmacology of selegiline. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2011;100:65–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Carlo AD, Alpert JE. Clinically relevant complications of drug-food interactions in psychopharmacology. Psychiatr Ann. 2016;46(8):448–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  295. Calabrò RS, Savica R, Laganà A, Magaudda A, Imbesi D, Gallitto G, La Spina P, Musolino R. Status cataplecticus misdiagnosed as recurrent syncope. Neurol Sci. 2007;28(6):336–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Chabas D, Habert M-O, Maksud P, Tourbah A, Minz M, Willer JC, Arnulf I. Functional imaging of cataplexy during status cataplecticus. Sleep. 2007;30(2):153–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Wang J, Greenberg H. Status cataplecticus precipitated by abrupt withdrawal of venlafaxine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(7):715–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  298. Kolla BP, Mansukhani MP, Bostwick JM. The influence of antidepressants on restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;38:131–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A, Ross LE. Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congenital malformations: is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(4):e293–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Kaplan YC, Keskin-Arslan E, Acar S, Sozmen K. Maternal SSRI discontinuation, use, psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism in children: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(12):2798–806.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  301. Kronenfeld N, Berlin M, Shaniv D, Berkovitch M. Use of psychotropic medications in breastfeeding women. Birth Defects Res. 2017;109(12):957–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Millard SJ, Weston-Green K, Newell KA. The effects of maternal antidepressant use on offspring behaviour and brain development: implications for risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:743–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Prady SL, Hanlon I, Fraser LK, Mikocka-Walus A. A systematic review of maternal antidepressant use in pregnancy and short- and long-term offspring’s outcomes. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018;21(2):127–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Cohen A, Mandrekar J, Louis EK, Silber MH, Kotagal S. Comorbidities in a community sample of narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2018;43:14–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Lee MJ, Lee SY, Yuan SS, Yang CJ, Yang KC, Lee TL, Sun CC, Shyu YC, Wang LJ. Comorbidity of narcolepsy and depressive disorders: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Sleep Med. 2017;39:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Kollb-Sielecka M, Demolis P, Emmerich J, Markey G, Salmonson T, Haas M. The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Sleep Med. 2017;33:125–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Dauvilliers Y, Bassetti C, Lammers GJ, Arnulf I, Mayer G, Rodenbeck A, Lehert P, Ding CL, Lecomte JM, Schwartz JC. Pitolisant versus placebo or modafinil in patients with narcolepsy: a double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(11):1068–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  308. Szakacs Z, Dauvilliers Y, Mikhaylov V, Poverennova I, Krylov S, Jankovic S, Sonka K, Lehert P, Lecomte I, Lecomte JM, Schwartz JC. Safety and efficacy of pitolisant on cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(3):200–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Wakix (pitolisant) [summary of risk management plan] [Internet]. 2015. Revised. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Risk-management-plan_summary/human/002616/WC500196690.pdf. Accessed 25 Mar 2018.

  310. European Medicines Agency. Wakix pitolisant [Internet]. 2016. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/002616/WC500204748.pdf. Accessed 13 Apr 2018.

  311. Ding XX, Wu YL, Xu SJ, Zhang SF, Jia XM, Zhu RP, Hao JH, Tao FB. A systematic review and quantitative assessment of sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Sleep Breath. 2014;18(4):703–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Pamidi S, Pinto LM, Marc I, Benedetti A, Schwartzman K, Kimoff RJ. Maternal sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(1):52e1–52e14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  313. Facco FL, Parker CB, Reddy UM, Silver RM, Koch MA, Louis JM, Basner RC, Chung JH, Nhan-Chang CL, Pien GW, Redline S, Grobman WA, Wing DA, Simhan HN, Haas DM, Mercer BM, Parry S, Mobley D, Hunter S, Saade GR, Schubert FP, Zee PC. Association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(1):31–41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  314. Chen YH, Kang JH, Lin CC, Wang IT, Keller JJ, Lin HC. Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):136–e1-e5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Izci Balserak B, Jackson N, Ratcliffe SA, Pack AI, Pien GW. Sleep-disordered breathing and daytime napping are associated with maternal hyperglycemia. Sleep Breath. 2013;17(3):1093–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. O’Brien LM, Bullough AS, Owusu JT, Tremblay KA, Brincat CA, Chames MC, Kalbfleisch JD, Chervin RD. Pregnancy-onset habitual snoring, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia: prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207(6):487.e1–487e9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  317. Bourjeily G, Danilack VA, Bublitz MH, Lipkind H, Muri J, Caldwell D, Tong I, Rosene-Montella K. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal outcomes: a national cohort. Sleep Med. 2017;38:50–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  318. Felder JN, Baer RJ, Rand L, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Prather AA. Sleep disorder diagnosis during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(3):573–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  319. Oyieng’o DO, Kirwa K, Tong I, Martin S, Antonio Rojas-Suarez J, Bourjeily G. Restless legs symptoms and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Clin Ther. 2016;38(2):256–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Ramirez JO, Cabrera SA, Hidalgo H, Cabrera SG, Linnebank M, Bassetti CL, Kallweit U. Is preeclampsia associated with restless legs syndrome? Sleep Med. 2013;14(9):894–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Vahdat M, Sariri E, Miri S, Rohani M, Kashanian M, Sabet A, Zamani B. Prevalence and associated features of restless legs syndrome in a population of Iranian women during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;123(1):46–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Dunietz GL, Lisabeth LD, Shedden K, Shamim-Uzzaman QA, Bullough AS, Chames MC, Bowden MF, O’Brien LM. Restless legs syndrome and sleep-wake disturbances in pregnancy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(7):863–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  323. Sharma SK, Nehra A, Sinha S, Soneja M, Sunesh K, Sreenivas V, Vedita D. Sleep disorders in pregnancy and their association with pregnancy outcomes: a prospective observational study. Sleep Breath. 2016;20(1):87–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Sarberg M, Bladh M, Svanborg E, Joseffsson A. Postpartum depressive symptoms and its association to daytime sleepiness and restless legs during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16:137.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  325. Reutrakul S, Zaidi N, Wroblewski K, Kay HH, Ismail M, Ehrmann DA, Van Cauter E. Sleep disturbances and their relationship to glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(11):2454–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  326. Lee KA, Gay CL. Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(6):2041–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Naghi I, Keypour F, Ahari SB, Tavalai SA, Khak M. Sleep disturbance in late pregnancy and type and duration of labour. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;31(6):489–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. O’Brien LM, Bullough AS, Owusu JT, Tremblay KA, Brincat CA, Chames MC, Kalbfleisch JD, Chervin RD. Snoring during pregnancy and delivery outcomes: a cohort study. Sleep. 2013;36(11):1625–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  329. Beebe KR, Lee KA. Sleep disturbance in late pregnancy and early labor. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2007;21(2):103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Micheli K, Komninos I, Bagkeris E, Roumeliotaki T, Koutis A, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Sleep patterns in late pregnancy and risk of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Epidemiology. 2011;22(5):738–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Okun ML, Schetter CD, Glynn LM. Poor sleep quality is associated with preterm birth. Sleep. 2011;34(11):1493–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  332. Qiu C, Sanchez SE, Gelaye B, Enquobahrie DA, Ananth CV, Williams MA. Maternal sleep duration and complaints of vital exhaustion during pregnancy is associated with placental abruption. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(3):350–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  333. Insana SP, Williams KB, Montgomery-Downs HE. Sleep disturbance and neurobehavioral performance among postpartum women. Sleep. 2013;36(1):73–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  334. Tikotzky L. Postpartum maternal sleep, maternal depressive symptoms and self-perceived mother-infant emotional relationship. Behav Sleep Med. 2016;14(1):5–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Baglioni C, Battagliese G, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, Nissen C, Voderholzer U, Lombardo C, Riemann D. Insomnia as a predictor of depression: a meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):10–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Bhati S, Richards K. A systematic review of the relationship between postpartum sleep disturbance and postpartum depression. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2015;44(3):350–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Kalmbach DA, Pillai V, Drake CL. Nocturnal insomnia symptoms and stress-induced cognitive intrusions in risk for depression: a 2-year prospective study. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192088.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Khazaie H, Ghadami MR, Knight DC, Emamian F, Tahmasian M. Insomnia treatment in the third trimester of pregnancy reduces postpartum depression symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(3):901–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Lawson A, Murphy KE, Sloan E, Uleryk E, Dalfen A. The relationship between sleep and postpartum mental disorders: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2015;176:65–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Lewis BA, Gjerdingen D, Schuver K, Avery M, Marcus BH. The effect of sleep pattern changes on postpartum depressive symptoms. BMC Womens Health. 2018;18:12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  341. Okun ML. Disturbed sleep and postpartum depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(7):66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  342. van Mill JG, Hoogendijk WJ, Vogelzangs N, van Dyck R, Penninx BW. Insomnia and sleep duration in a large cohort of patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(3):239–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Field T. Prenatal depression effects on early development: a review. Infant Behav Dev. 2011;34(1):1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Ohoka H, Koide T, Goto S, Murase S, Kanai A, Masuda T, Aleksic B, Ishikawa N, Furumura K, Ozaki N. Effects of maternal depressive symptomatology during pregnancy and the postpartum period on infant–mother attachment. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(8):631–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. Stein A, Pearson RM, Goodman SH, Rapa E, Rahman A, McCallum M, Howard LM, Pariante CM. Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1800–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Netsi E, Pearson RM, Murray L, Cooper P, Craske MG, Stein A. Association of persistent and severe postnatal depression with child outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(3):247–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  347. van Der Waerden J, Galéra C, Larroque B, Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Sutter-Dallay AL, Melchior M. Maternal depression trajectories and children’s behavior at age 5 years. J Pediatr. 2015;166(6):1440–8.e1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Meltzer-Brody S. New insights into perinatal depression: pathogenesis and treatment during pregnancy and postpartum. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(1):89–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  349. Sit D, Luther J, Buysse D, Dills JL, Eng H, Okun M, Wisniewski S, Wisner KL. Suicidal ideation in depressed postpartum women: associations with childhood trauma, sleep disturbance and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;66-67:95–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Maurovich-Horvat E, Tormášiová M, Slonková J, Kemlink D, Maurovich-Horvat L, Nevšímalová S, Pretl M, Šonka K. Assessment of pregnancy outcomes in Czech and Slovak women with narcolepsy. Med Sci Monit. 2010;16(12):SR35–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Andrea Lawson & Eileen P. Sloan

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Andrea Lawson & Eileen P. Sloan

  3. Department of Global Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Roohie Parmar

Authors
  1. Andrea Lawson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roohie Parmar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eileen P. Sloan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Lawson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey

    Faruk Uguz

  2. Psychopharmacological, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK

    Laura Orsolini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lawson, A., Parmar, R., Sloan, E.P. (2019). Sleep Disorders. In: Uguz, F., Orsolini, L. (eds) Perinatal Psychopharmacology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92918-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92919-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation