Skip to main content

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Perinatal Psychopharmacology
  • 937 Accesses

Abstract

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is frequently observed during pregnancy and the postpartum period. A major challenge in the management of OCD is the safety of the fetus and breastfed infants. Unfortunately, there are no randomized controlled studies to guide treatment of OCD in these periods. The present chapter presents the risks of untreated OCD and recommendations for pharmacological approach regarding treatment of active symptoms or prophylaxis during the perinatal period.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Burke KC, Burke JD, Regier DA, Rae DS. Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:511–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam A. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1094–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kolada JL, Bland RC, Newman SC. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;76(Suppl 3):24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bobes J, González MP, Bascarán MT, Arango C, Sáiz PA, Bousoño M. Quality of life and disability in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16:239–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Huppert JD, Simpson HB, Nissenson KJ, Liebowitz MR, Foa EB. Quality of life and functional impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a comparison of patients with and without comorbidity, patients in remission, and healthy controls. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:39–45.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Kıvırcık Akdede BB, Alptekin K, Akvardar Y, Kitis A. Quality of life in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: relations with cognitive functions and clinical symptoms. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2005;16:13–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Maina G, Albert U, Bogetto F, Vaschetto P, Ravizza L. Recent life events and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the role of pregnancy delivery. Psychiatry Res. 1999;89:49–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Neziroglu F, Anemone R, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:947–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Cilli AS, Telcioğlu M, Aşkın R, Kaya N, Bodur S, Kucur R. Twelve-month prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Konya, Turkey. Compr Psychiatry. 2004;45:367–74.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Aloba OO, Mapayi BM. Anxiety disorders among Nigerian women in late pregnancy: a controlled study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9:325–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Åström M, Bixo M. Depression and anxiety disorder during pregnancy and six months postpartum: a follow-up study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85:937–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Borri C, Mauri M, Oppo A, Banti S, Rambelli C, Ramacciotti D, Montagnani MS, Camilleri V, Cortopassi S, Bettini A, Ricciardulli S, Rucci P, Montaresi S, Cassano GB. Axis I psychopathology and functional impairment at the third month of pregnancy: results from the perinatal depression-research and screening unit (PND-ReScU) study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:1617–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Farias DR, Pinto TJ, Teofilo MM, Vilea AA, Vaz Jdos S, ark NAE v. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the first trimester of pregnancy and factors associated with current suicide risk. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210:962–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J, Calleja N. Antenatal psychiatric morbidity in Maltase women. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2007;29:501–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sutter-Dallay AL, Giaconne-Marcesche V, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdeoux H. Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19:459–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Uguz F, Gezginc K, Zeytinci IE, Karatayli S, Karatayli R, Aksin R, Guler O, Sahin FK, Emul HM, Ozbulut O, Gecici O. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:441–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Zar M, Wijma K, Wijma B. Relations between anxiety disorders and fear of childbirth during late pregnancy. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2002;9:122–30.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Navarro P, Garcia-Esteve L, Ascaso C, Aguado J, Gelabert E, Martin-Santos R. Non-psychotic psychiatric disorders after childbirth: prevalence and comorbidity in a community sample. J Affect Disord. 2008;109:171–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Brendle JR. Anxiety symptoms and disorders at eight weeks postpartum. J Anxiety Disord. 2005;19:295–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wenzel A, Gorman LL, O’Hara MW, Stuart S. The occurrence of panic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in women with postpartum dysphoria: a prospective study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2001;4:5–12.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zambaldi CF, Cantilino A, Montenegro AC, Paes JA, de Albuquerque TL, Sougey EB. Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50:503–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Russell EJ, Fawcett JM, Mazmanian D. Risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:377–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Guglielmi V, Vulink NC, Denys D, Wang Y, Samuels JF, Nestadt G. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and female reproductive cycle events: results from the OCD and reproduction collaborative study. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:979–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Labad J, Menchón JM, Alonso P, Segalàs C, Jiménez S, Vallejo J. Female reproductive cycle and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:428–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Vulink NC, Denys D, Bus L, Westenberg HG. Female hormones affect symptom severity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:171–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2017;317:1358–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Björgvinsson T, Hart J, Hefelfinger S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: update on assessment and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007;13:362–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Franklin ME, Foa EB. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2011;7:229–43.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Glover V. Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:25–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Buss C, Davis EP, Hobel CJ, Sandman CA. Maternal pregnancy-specific anxiety is associated with child executive function at 6–9 years age. Stress. 2011;14:665–76.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Ding XX, Wu YL, Xu SJ, Zhu RP, Jia XM, Zhang SF, Huang K, Zhu P, Hao JH, Tao FB. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord. 2014;159:103–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kılınc S, Herguner S. Effects of maternal psychopathology on children. In: Uguz F, editor. Psychiatric disorders during the postpartum period in light of current advances. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2016. p. 101–14.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Leis JA, Heron J, Stuart EA, Mendelson T. Associations between maternal mental health and child emotional and behavioral problems: does prenatal mental health matter? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42:161–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V, The Early Stress, Translational Research and Prevention Science Network: Fetal and Neonatal Experience on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48:245–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioral development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci Behav Rev. 2005;29:237–58.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Uguz F, Yuksel G, Karsidag C, Guncu H, Konak M. Birth weight and gestational age in newborns exposed to maternal obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2015;226:396–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ferraro AA, Rohde LA, Polanczyk GV, Argeu A, Miguel EC, Grisi SJ, Fleitlich-Bilyk B. The specific and combined role of domestic violence and mental health disorders during pregnancy on new-born health. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17:257.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. House SJ, Tripathi SP, Knight BT, Morris N, Newport DJ, Stowe ZN. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period: course of illness and obstetrical outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016;19:3–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Uguz F, Sonmez EO, Sahingoz M, Gokmen Z, Basaran M, Gezginc K, Sonmez G, Kaya N, Yilmaz E, Erdem SS, Dulger HH, Cicekler H, Tasyurek E. Neuroinflammation in the fetus exposed to maternal obsessive-compulsive disorder during pregnancy: a comparative study on cord blood tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55:861–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Challacombe FL, Salkovskis PM, Woolgar M, Wilkinson EL, Read J, Acheson R. Parenting and mother-infant interactions in the context of maternal postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of obsessional symptoms and mood. Infant Behav Dev. 2016;44:11–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Byatt N, Deligiannidis KM, Freeman MP. Antidepressant use in pregnancy: a critical review focused on risks and controversies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;127:94–114.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, Easter A, Gilvarry E, Glover V, Green L, Gregoire A, Howard LM, Jones I, Khalifeh H, Lingford-Hughes A, McDonald E, Micali N, Pariante CM, Peters L, Roberts A, Smith NC, Taylor D, Wieck A, Yates LM, Young AH, Endorsed by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:519–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stewart DE, Oberlander TF, Dell DL, Stotland N, Ramin S, Chaudron L, Lockwood C. The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31:403–13.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Uguz F. Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder during pregnancy: a clinical approach. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2015;37:334–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Uguz F. Breastfeeding and psychotropic medications. In: Uguz F, editor. Psychotropic drugs and medical conditions. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2017. p. 209–29.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kellner M. Drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2010;12:187–97.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Brown A, Pampaloni I. Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence-based treatment and beyond. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2012;47:121–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Alper K, Schwartz KA, Kolts RL, Khan A. Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:345–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gentile S. Tricyclic antidepressants in pregnancy and puerperium. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13:207–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Poppe C, Müller ST, Greil W, Walder A, Grohmann R, Stübner S. Pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder in clinical practice. Data of 842 inpatients from the International AMSP project between 1994–2012. J Affect Disord. 2016;200:89–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Simpson HB, Philips KA, Richter MA, Matthews K, Stein DJ, Sareen J, Brown A, Sookman D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): practical strategies for pharmacological and somatic treatments in adults. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227:114–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kang HH, Ahn KH, Hong SC, Kwon BY, Lee EH, Lee JS, Oh MJ, Kim HJ. Association of citalopram with congenital anomalies: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2017;60:145–53.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Larsen ER, Damkier P, Pedersen LH, Fenger-Gron J, Mikkelsen RL, Nielsen RE, Linde VJ, Knudsen HE, Skaarup L, Videbech P, Danish Psychiatric Society; Danish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology; Danish Paediatric Society; Danish Society of Clinical Pharmacology. Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;445(Suppl):1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Myles N, Newall H, Ward H, Matthew L. Systematic meta-analysis of individual selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications and congenital malformations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:1002–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Shen ZQ, Gao SY, Li SX, Zhang TN, Liu CX, Lv HC, Zhang Y, Gong TT, Xu X, Ji C, Wu QJ, Li D. Sertraline use in the first trimester and risk of congenital anomalies: a systemic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:909–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Womersley K, Ripullone K, Agius M. What are the risks associated with different selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to treat depression and anxiety in pregnancy? An evaluation of current evidence. Psychiatr Danub. 2017;29(Suppl 3):629–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van Ameringen M, The Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stres and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(Suppl 1):S1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Grigoriadis S, VonderPorten EH, Mamisashvili L, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A, Ross LE. Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congenital malformations: Is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:e293–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gentile S. Use of contemporary antidepressants during breastfeeding. A proposal for a sfety index. Drug Saf. 2007;30:107–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Orsolini L, Bellantuono C. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: a systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2015;30:4–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Uguz F. Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder during breastfeeding. Am J Ther. 2018;25(5):e541–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Albert U, Aguglia E, Maina G, Bogetto F. Venlafaxine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63:1004–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Denys D, van der Wee N, van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG. A double blind comparison of venlafaxine and paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;23:568–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bellantuono C, Vargas M, Mandarelli G, Nardi B, Martini MG. The safety of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2015;30:143–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Furu K, Kieler H, Haglund B, Engeland A, Selmer R, Stephansson O, Valdimarsdottir UA, Zoega H, Artama M, Gissler M, Malm H, Nørgaard M. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in early pregnancy and risk birth defects: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ. 2015;350:h1798.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Lassen D, Enniz ZY, Damkier P. First-trimester pregnancy exposure to venlafaxine or duloxetine and risk of major congenital major malformations: a systematic review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;118:32–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Abudy A, Juven-Wetzler A, Zohar J. Pharmacological management of treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2011;25:585–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Castle D, Bosanac P, Rossell S. Treating OCD: what to do when fist-line therapies fail. Aust Psychiatry. 2015;4:350–3.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Denys D, van Megen HJ, van der Wee N, Westenberg HG. A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:37–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ninan PT, Koran LM, Kiev A, Davidson JR, Rasmussen SA, Zajecka JM, Robinson DG, Crits-Christoph P, Mandel FS, Austin C. High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multi-center double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:15–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rabinowitz I, Baruch Y, Barak Y. High-dose escitalopram for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;32:49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Rampoloni I, Sivakumaran T, Hawley CJ, Al Allag A, Farrow J, Nelson S, NAl F. High-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in OCD: a systematic retrospective case notes survey. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:1439–45.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Michielsen LA, Heijden FM, Janssen PK, Kujpers HJ. Effects of maternal psychotropic drug dosage on birth outcomes. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:13–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Roca A, Garcia-Esteve LI, Imaz ML, Torres A, Hernández S, Botet F, Gelabert E, Subira S, Plaza A, Valdes M, Martin-Santos R. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: the relevance of dose. J Affect Disord. 2011;135:208–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Suri R, Altshuler L, Hellemann G, Burt VK, Aquino A, Mintz J. Effects of antenatal depression and antidepressant treatment on gestational age at birth and risk of preterm birth. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1206–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Diniz JB, Shavitt RG, Pereira CA, Hounie AG, Pimentel I, Koren LM, Dainesi SM, Miguel EC. Quetiapine versus clomipramine in the augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, open-label trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:297–307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Marazziti D, Golia F, Consoli G, Presta S, Pfanner C, Carlini M, Mungai F, Catena Dell'Osso M. Effectiveness of long-term augmentation with citalopram to clomipramine in treatment-resistant OCD patients. CNS Spectr. 2008;13:971–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Van Ameringen M, Simpson W, Petterson B, Dell’Osso B, Fineberg N, Hollander E, Hranov L, Hranov G, Lochner C, Karamustafalıoglu O, Marazziti D, Menchon JM, Nicolini H, Pallanti Si stein DJ, Zohar J. Pharmacological treatment strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cross-sectional view in nine international OCD centers. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28:596–602.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmendi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:622–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Dold M, Aigner M, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16:557–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Skapinakis P, Papatheodorou T, Mavreas V. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17:79–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Veale D, Miles N, Ghezai H, Goldacre B, Hodsoll J. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:317.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, Micò U, Scimeca G, Romeo VM, Micò U, Scimeca G, Romeo VM, Santoro V, Settineri S, Spina E, Zoccali RA. Effect of aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31:174–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sayyah M, Sayyah M, Boostani H, Ghaffari SM, Hoseini A. Effects of aripiprazole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (a double blind clinical trial). Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:850–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Selvi Y, Atli A, Aydın A, Besiroglu L, Ozdemir P, Ozdemir O. The comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone augmentation in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind, randomised study. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2011;26:51–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Fineberg NA, Stein DJ, Premkumar P, Carey P, Sivakumaran T, Vythilingum B, Seedat S, Westenberg H, Denys D. Adjunctive quetiapine for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled treatment trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:337–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Shoja Shafti S, Kaviani H. Aripiprazole versus quetiapine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind clinical trial. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2015;5:32–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Misri S, Milis L. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the postpartum. Open-label trial of quetiapine augmentation. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;24:624–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mataix-Cols D, de la Cruz LF, Nordsletten AE, Lenhard F, Isomura K, Simpson HB. Towards an international expert consensus for defining treatment response, remission recovery and relapse in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World Psychiatry. 2016;15:80–1.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Forray A, Focseneanu M, Pittman B, McDougle CJ, Epperson CN. Onset and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1061–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Labad J, Alonso P, Segalas C, Reval E, Jimenez S, Bueno B, Vallejo J, Menchon JM. Distinct correlates of hoarding and cleaning symptom dimensions in relation to onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder at menarche or perinatal period. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010;13:75–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Uguz F, Kaya V, Gezginc K, Kayhan F, Çiçek E. Clinical correlates worsening in obsessive-compulsive symptoms during pregnancy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2011;33:197–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Uguz F, Gezginc K, Zeytinci IE, Karatayli S, Karatayli R, Askin R, Guler O, Sahin FK, Emul HM, Ozbulut O, Gecici O. Course of obsessive-compulsive disorder during early postpartum period: a prospective analysis of 16 cases. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:558–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Uguz, F. (2019). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In: Uguz, F., Orsolini, L. (eds) Perinatal Psychopharmacology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92919-4_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92918-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92919-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics