Abstract
The final chapter explores the seeds of insurgency in the novel El sistema (The System) (2016) by Ricardo Menéndez Salmón. The concept of mapping in the novel is viewed from two distinct perspectives: the first based on the term “mapping” in a military context in reference to drawing maps, taking photographs, and engaging in other forms of surveillance as a means of exerting hegemonic control, and the second related to the notion of “counter-mapping,” which is mapping utilized for combatting socioeconomic inequality. Palardy traces the progression from representations of mapping to those of counter-mapping, illustrating the tensions between dystopian and utopian visions. The spatial constructions underscore problems stemming from hegemonic relationships that foster alienation.
A revised and abbreviated version of this chapter was presented under a similar title at the conference “Mundos (im)posibles: Futuro y utopía en la literatura, el cine y el arte” organized by HISTOPÍA and Red Trasatlántica de Estudio de las Utopías.
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Notes
- 1.
Lilley, “J. Brian Harley,” 229; Harley, “Deconstructing the Map.”
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Cobarrubias and Pickles, “Spacing Movements.” Other scholars with backgrounds in diverse fields like literature, philosophy, psychology, sociology, gender studies, and geography, such as Stephen Luis Vilaseca, Brian Holmes, Javier Toret, Nicolás Sguiglia, Gillian Rose, and Patricia Price-Chalita, are also among those who have posed challenging questions about the objectivity of maps and the map-making process.
- 4.
Warf and Arias, introduction to The Spatial Turn.
- 5.
For example, Benjamin Fraser founded the Journal of Urban Cultural Studies in 2014 and, along with Susan Larson, initiated the Hispanic Urban Studies book series in 2015.
- 6.
Updike, “Picture Show.”
- 7.
Cobarrubias and Pickles, “Spacing Movements.” Counter-mapping, sometimes known as maptivismo (a portmanteau of mapa and activismo) or mapeo colectivo (collective mapping, when done as part of a community-building, activist project), is just one of many forms of spatial activism. The notion of hackitectura (a portmanteau of “hack” and arquitectura) was conceived by a Spanish group of “architects, artists, computer specialists and activists” that uses “new technologies to create temporary spaces that can escape the formal structures of control and surveillance which are regulated by technological and political means in contemporary society.” “Hackitectura”; “Hackitectura.net.” From a more global perspective, there are projects like Urban Theory Lab and Environmental Justice Atlas that offer various models for and approaches to counter-mapping.
- 8.
Toret and Sguiglia, “Cartography and War Machines.”
- 9.
Zea and Abril, “Así nació el 15-M.”
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
Although the original website citing these numbers is no longer available, other sources like Manuel Castells in Networks of Outrage and Hope confirm that Democracia Real Ya estimated that there were 130,000 protesters. There is a website dedicated to encompassing all of the online sources related to the 15-M movement called Movimiento Indignados Spanish Revolution. There is still quite a bit of disagreement over the exact number of protesters. According to an article in El País, the total number was closer to 80,000. See Elola, “El 15-M.”
- 13.
In an interview with Cadena Ser on the five-year anniversary of 15-M, Javier Sánchez, an Indignado who serves as a consultant for the political party Podemos, evoked the metaphorical value of Kilómetro Cero (which is marked with a plaque in Puerta del Sol) when describing the origins of their movement. Sánchez stated: “El 15-M fue el kilómetro cero de un camino del cual nos queda mucho por recorrer. Queda mucha cultura política y democrática por construir” (15-M was the Ground Zero of a path with a long distance yet to be travelled. A lot of political and democratic culture has yet to be constructed). Vega, “15-M.”
- 14.
Sánchez, “Los primeros 40.”
- 15.
In both instances, we come back to the fundamental question, raised by Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey, of who has the “right to the city.” Harvey, Rebel Cities. The debate over what constitutes public space and who has the right to it has been a focal point of many works of investigation in recent years; however, some of the more relevant studies directly addressing the appropriation of public space during the encampment of Puerta del Sol include those done by Álvaro Sevilla-Buitrago, Stephen Luis Vilaseca, and Mayka García-Hípola and María Beltrán Rodríguez. Manuel Delgado has written several key texts about the use of public spaces, among them being El animal público and El espacio público como ideología.
- 16.
“5.000 ovejas toman.”
- 17.
Lyne, “The Legacy of the 15-m.” For scholars interested in comprehensive studies of cultural reactions to the crisis, some helpful resources include a special issue of Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies titled “Spain in Crisis” edited by Bryan Cameron, a special issue of Hispanic Review titled “La imaginación sostenible” edited by Luis Moreno-Caballud, several articles in volume 15 of the online journal 452ºF, and La imaginación hipotecada edited by Palmar Álvarez Blanco and Antonio López-Quiñones.
- 18.
García-Hípola and Beltrán Rodríguez, “Acción y representación.”
- 19.
Some examples of sociopolitical alternatives include squatting, crowdfunding, back-to-the-land movements, and businesses from the sharing economy (like Uber, Air BnB, etc.).
- 20.
“Premio Biblioteca Breve.” Of the numerous awards he has received, some of the noteworthy ones include the Premio de la Crítica de Asturias and Premio Juan Rulfo de Relato for Los caballos azules [Blue horses] (2005), Premio de la Crítica de la Feria del Libro de Bilbao for El corrector [Editor] (2009), which is part of a trilogy that also includes La ofensa [The offense] (2007) and Derrumbe [Collapse] (2008), and Premio Las Américas for Niños en el tiempo [Children in time] (2014), which was recognized as the best novel in the Spanish-speaking world in 2014 at the Festival de la Palabra in Puerto Rico.
- 21.
Geli, “El Biblioteca Breve”; Suau, “El sistema.”
- 22.
Maldonado, “Ricardo Menéndez Salmón.”
- 23.
López Ribera, “La distopía,” 91–101.
- 24.
Gordo, “Ricardo Menéndez Salmón.”
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
Geli, “El Biblioteca Breve.”
- 27.
The word “Propio” does not literally translate to “Insider,” but it conveys that notion in the context of Menéndez Salmón’s novel, as the Propios are associated with entitlement and power. If one lives on the “right” island, that person is considered a “Propio.” The word “propio” expresses the idea that something belongs to someone, so the concept of belonging is key. Words such as “native” or “autochthonous” could serve the same purpose, but they have different, sometimes loaded, connotations. While traditionally the term “native” is associated with individuals who have been oppressed, such as indigenous populations in Latin America, the burgeoning nativist movement in the United States confers a different connotation to the word. For these reasons, the translation as “Insider” is more appropriate in this context.
- 28.
Nancy Updike, “Picture Show.”
- 29.
Ibid. The following excerpts come from interviews between Nancy Updike and several Israeli soldiers, some of whom are members of Breaking the Silence, an “organization of veteran combatants who have served in the Israeli military since the start of the Second Intifada and have taken it upon themselves to expose the Israeli public to the reality of everyday life in the Occupied Territories.” Breaking the Silence.
-
Nancy Updike
-
I thought Nadav Weiman might have had a different experience with mapping than other soldiers because he was in a special forces unit, and he was in charge of intelligence for his team, a sniper team. And he did have a different experience. The army sent him to a photo course and gave him a camera, a Nikon D200 with seven lenses. But when it came to mapping, it was the same with him as with other soldiers. He got back with all the photos and the information and the diagrams, went to his superior.
-
Nadav Weiman
-
And I said, OK. There’s all the maps and the photos and everything. And he said, Nadav, erase the photos and just throw the papers to the trash can. And don’t ever come to me again with all the papers, because you don’t need to do that.
-
Nancy Updike
-
Were you surprised?
-
Nadav Weiman
-
Yeah, I was very surprised, because the first time we did that, we did it really seriously. You know, we asked, and we drew really accurate and everything. And then we understood that it doesn’t really matter.
-
Nancy Updike
-
He says after the first time he did mapping, he just threw everything away automatically. I heard this, and I didn’t understand. Why get all that information and photos and then throw it away? And why keep doing that over and over?
-
I went back to Yehuda Shaul, the guy who first explained mapping to me and showed me the photo of the man in his pajamas …
-
Yehuda Shaul
-
Look, very quick you understand that mapping is just another form of making your presence felt, right? (Updike, “Picture Show”)
-
- 30.
Ibid.
- 31.
WordReference, s.v. “vivero,” accessed February 20, 2018, http://www.wordreference.com/es/en/translation.asp?spen=vivero.
- 32.
During the early morning hours of May 17, 2011, the government evicted approximately 150 protestors who were camping out in Puerta del Sol in Madrid; however, outrage over the government’s actions prompted an estimated 4000 protesters to flood the plaza and several hundred of them camped out overnight in the plaza. As with the hydra in Greek mythology, efforts at suppressing the movement only helped it grow stronger. See Barroso, “La junta electoral.”
- 33.
“Migrant crisis”; Maldonado, “Ricardo Menéndez Salmón.”
- 34.
“Los españoles vuelven a ser emigrantes.”
- 35.
WordReference, s.v. “theodolite,” accessed February 20, 2018, http://www.wordreference.com/definition/theodolite.
- 36.
Detractors of austerity measures in Greece have argued that they exacerbated the economic crisis. See Colliopoulou, “Emergency Measure.”
- 37.
Berlant, introduction to Cruel Optimism.
- 38.
Paul Krugman is one of many economists who argue that the austerity measures adopted in Europe in the wake of the housing crash have prolonged the crisis and caused more harm than good. Krugman states: “More austere countries have a lower rate of GDP growth” and contends that “all of the economic research that allegedly supported the austerity push has been discredited.” Krugman, “The Case for Cuts.”
- 39.
Cobarrubias and Pickles, “Spacing Movements,” 38.
- 40.
Walters, “Boston public.”
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Douglas, Purity and Danger, 35.
- 43.
Vilaseca, “The 15-M Movement.” Among the many other forms of spatial activism perceived as an outgrowth of (or some would argue a predecessor to) the 15-M Movement is squatting, which Vilaseca explores at length in his book Barcelonan Okupas: Squatter Power! Also, I highlight the anarchistic and utopian currents in the 15-M and Okupa (squatter) movements in my article “Falling through the Cracks: Anarchistic Resistance and the “Generación perdida” in José Ángel Mañas’ Historias del Kronen and Care Santos’ Okupada.”
- 44.
Vilaseca, “The 15-M Movement,” 5.
- 45.
Segalo, Manoff, and Fine, “Working with Embroideries,” 350.
- 46.
Vilaseca, “The 15-M Movement,” 2, 5.
- 47.
Miguel de Unamuno’s definition of “intrahistoria,” which comes from his hallmark philosophical work En torno al casticismo (translated under the title of The Return to Love of Purity in English), can be found on the blog Lo que nunca te digo:
Todo lo que cuentan a diario los periódicos, la historia toda del ‘presente momento histórico’, no es sino la superficie del mar, una superficie que se hiela y cristaliza en los libros y registros…. Los periódicos nada dicen de la vida silenciosa de millones de hombres sin historia que a todas horas del día y en todos los países del globo se levantan a una orden del sol y van a sus campos a proseguir la oscura y silenciosa labor cotidiana y eterna…. Esa vida intrahistórica, silenciosa y continua como el fondo mismo del mar, es la sustancia del progreso, la verdadera tradición, la tradición eterna, no la tradición mentida que se suele ir a buscar en el pasado enterrado en libros y papeles y monumentos y piedras.” (Unamuno, “Miguel de Unamuno”)
(Everything that they recount daily in the newspapers, the entire history of the “present historical moment,” is nothing but the surface of the sea, a surface that freezes and crystalizes in the books and registries…. The newspapers say nothing about the silent life of millions of men without a history that every hour of the day and in every country around the globe get up to the command of the sun and go to their fields to carry on with the dark and silent daily and eternal labor…. That interhistoric life, silent and continual like the very bottom of the sea, is the substance of progress, the true tradition, the eternal tradition, not the deceitful tradition usually sought in the past, buried in books and papers and monuments and stones.)
- 48.
Cobarrubias and Pickles, “Spacing Movements,” 40.
- 49.
Ibid.
- 50.
Piatti and Hurni, “Mapping the Ontologically Unreal.”
- 51.
Díez, ed., Franco, una historia alternativa.
- 52.
Staley, History and Future, 116; Cobarrubias and Pickles, “Spacing Movements,” 40.
- 53.
Wilford, “The World.”
- 54.
Alari Pahissa, “El barrio,” 38. Anthropomorphizing a neighborhood, Alari Pahissa coins the portmanteau “barriofágico,” which is a cross between “barrio” (neighborhood) and “antropofagia” (anthropophagy) to characterize how Barceloneta is being cannibalized by tourists (37).
- 55.
Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps.
- 56.
“Activismo en la red.”
- 57.
Solano, “Autopsia.”
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Palardy, D.Q. (2018). The Cartography of In/Subordination in El sistema by Ricardo Menéndez Salmón. In: The Dystopian Imagination in Contemporary Spanish Literature and Film. Hispanic Urban Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92885-2_6
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