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Discovery Bay, Jamaica

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Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 12))

Abstract

Mesophotic coral ecosystems occur on fore-reef slopes (~25 to 55 m) and near-vertical deep fore reefs (~55 to ~122 m) off the north Jamaican coast. In the 1960s, T.F. Goreau and colleagues found corals and calcareous green algae (Halimeda) thriving to depths of ~70 m and coralline sponges even deeper. Boring sponges and calcareous algae produced prodigious quantities of carbonate muds and sands, some becoming lithified into reef rock and the remainder draining into deeper water. Low-light flattening of corals facilitated sediment shedding and stabilized dislodged colonies. Huge pinnacle reefs with frame work-building Orbicella dominated the upper fore-reef slope (~25 to 45 m) at Discovery Bay. Foliaceous agariciids monopolized some lower slopes and the upper deep fore-reef. Submersible-based explorations of the deep fore-reef cliff in 1972 confirmed active framework construction by corals at ~55 to 70 m and by coralline sponges and crustose coralline algae at ~70 to 105 m. Species of deep reef fishes occurred below ~60 to 90 m. The base of the cliff at ~91 to 145 m consisted of lithified sediments and debris. Non-coralline sponges and algae were the dominant benthos from 53 to 120 m in a 1984 submersible study. Fore-reef slope corals have declined greatly since the 1980s, and their skeletons are largely overgrown with algae. Contributing factors include enhanced herbivore losses from overharvesting (fish) or disease (Diadema), repeated bleaching-mortality events, increased trapping of sediments, degraded water quality, hurricanes, and coral diseases. Apart from identified sponges collected with open circuit trimix scuba in the 1990s, the post-1984 condition of the deep fore reef is unknown.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all the dedicated staff of the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, including boatmen and diving assistants, who have kept DBML funded and operational since 1965. We especially appreciate the availability of imagery donated to the Natural History Museum by E. Graham and to the Nekton project by P. Goreau, N. James, and J. Woodley. B. Charpentier and L. Wheeler also contributed photographs. We are particularly indebted to B. Charpentier, P. Colin, P. Gayle, R. Kinzie, W. Precht, G. Warner, and P. Willens for facilitating access to the literature and/or unpublished data and/or patiently responding to a multitude of queries. J. Bruno, T.J. Goreau, S. Gun, J. Jackson, K. Johnson, B. Lapointe, L. Land, H. Lasker, H. Lenhert, D. Liddell, D. Meyer, J. Ogden, S. Ohlhorst, S. Palmer, J. Porter, K. Sebens, L. Wheeler, J. Wulff, and S. Zea helped with answers to other questions. Reviewers are thanked for challenging comments that improved the focus and accuracy of the manuscript. Financial support was provided by the University of the West Indies at Mona, the Waitt Foundation, and the Department of Biology, College of Charleston. This chapter is dedicated to the memory of the late Tom Goreau. We express our sincere gratitude to his late wife Nora and their three sons for accommodating so many “Goreau enthusiasts” in their family life during the early days of deep-reef exploration and discoveries in Jamaica. This is DBML Publication number 791.

Author Contributions

The authors shared the conceptualization of this contribution. PD collected the DLR data, collated photographs, and created figures; JCL assembled the DB-area literature and drafted the text and tables.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA

    Phillip Dustan

  2. Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, Ophelia, VA, USA

    Judith C. Lang

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  1. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yossi Loya

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kimberly A. Puglise

  3. Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Tom C.L. Bridge

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Dustan, P., Lang, J.C. (2019). Discovery Bay, Jamaica. In: Loya, Y., Puglise, K., Bridge, T. (eds) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_6

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