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Fishes: Biodiversity

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Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 12))

Abstract

Fishes are an important component of coral reef ecosystems, and in comparison to other marine phyla, the taxonomy of fishes is relatively robust. Some of the earliest explorations of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) involving both submersibles and rebreather diving focused on fishes. Since 1968, over 400 publications have documented fishes on MCEs, ~75% of which were published since 2011. Most fish species inhabiting MCEs belong to families and genera typical of shallow coral reefs, and many new species remain to be discovered and described. Species richness generally peaks at a depth of 30 m and declines with increasing depth. The composition of the fish communities on MCEs includes a mixture of species restricted to MCEs and species with broad depth ranges. Patterns of species turnover and composition vary depending on geographic location, ecological characteristics, and method of study. Nearly 70% of MCE fish research has occurred within the tropical western Atlantic and Hawaiʻi. Not enough is known about global distributions to infer broad biogeographical patterns, but there seems to be higher representation by endemic species and individuals on MCEs, and the eastward attenuation of diversity of shallow Pacific reefs does not appear to apply to fishes within MCEs. Analyses of nearly 900,000 occurrence records of reef fishes at depths of 1–200 m reveal patterns of diversity that are mostly consistent with controlled studies. Future work should emphasize basic exploration and documentation of diversity in under-sampled geographic regions and hypothesis-driven studies in areas where logistics facilitate MCE research.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    These data were primarily obtained through specimens collected with hand nets and the ichthyocide rotenone. Thus, they are biased against larger predatory species, such as Jacks (Carangidae) and snappers (Lutjanidae), both of which are well represented on shallow reefs and MCEs.

  2. 2.

    A single specimen of Symphysanodon berryi is indicated in the GBIF database as being at a depth of 0–57 m in the Gulf of Mexico [MCZ 81819], but the actual recorded depth on the label for that specimen (a larvae) is 47–57 m, so it is indeed from MCE depths.

  3. 3.

    Another consideration is that the MCE depth zone is four times broader than the shallow depth zone. Even correcting for sampling bias, it is unlikely that four times as many species occur on MCEs than on shallow reefs, so it is likely that diversity per available habitat area is higher on shallow reefs than on MCEs.

  4. 4.

    At each 10-m threshold depth interval, the number of species with a reported maximum depth within 10 m above the threshold depth were added to the number of species with a reported minimum depth within 10 m below the threshold depth (representing the total number of species participating in a turnover within ±10 m of the threshold depth), and the summed value was divided by the total number of species that occur within ±10 m of the threshold depth, to yield a percentage of species that participate in a turnover at each depth zone. Larger values indicate a more substantial break; smaller values indicate a less substantial break. Percentage of total species within a depth zone was used instead of absolute numbers of species to avoid artificially biasing the amount of change due to differences in α diversity at different depths.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to our employers (Bishop Museum, NOAA, Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, and the California Academy of Sciences) for allowing us to pursue our own passions for MCE research, even when it seemed like a crazy idea. Much of this chapter has drawn from data downloaded from GBIF, which was provided by 182 different datasets submitted by 110 institutions, especially the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Census of Marine Life (CoML), the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), the US National Museum of Natural History (USNM), the South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), Explorer’s Log, and the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, which collectively contributed over 70% of the MCE fish data. Other individuals, who have contributed in substantial ways to both the content of this chapter and the exploration and documentation of MCE fishes in general, include John E. Randall, Brian D. Greene, John L. Earle, and Brian W. Bowen. We especially wish to thank Kimberly A. Puglise for providing excellent and extremely helpful editorial assistance on this chapter.

Finally, we are extremely indebted to the true pioneers of MCE fish exploration and documentation, particularly John E. “Jack” Randall, Walter A. Starck II, and Patrick L. Colin, whose forward-looking vision, dogged determination, and brilliant insights forged the path that we now gratefully follow.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Richard L. Pyle & Robert K. Whitton

  2. Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Randall K. Kosaki

  3. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Hudson T. Pinheiro & Luiz Alves Rocha

  4. Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, Kāneʻohe, HI, USA

    Joshua M. Copus

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Correspondence to Richard L. Pyle .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yossi Loya

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kimberly A. Puglise

  3. Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Tom C.L. Bridge

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Pyle, R.L., Kosaki, R.K., Pinheiro, H.T., Rocha, L.A., Whitton, R.K., Copus, J.M. (2019). Fishes: Biodiversity. In: Loya, Y., Puglise, K., Bridge, T. (eds) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_40

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