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Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia

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Book cover Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Coral Reefs of the World ((CORW,volume 12))

Abstract

The mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) of the Senyavin Islands (Pohnpei Island, and neighboring atolls Ant and Pakin) in the Federated States of Micronesia have received little research attention until recent years. These vibrant, environmentally dynamic ecosystems harbor a reservoir of biodiversity, with species and interactions new to science. Depths of ≥90 m have up to 20 °C annual variance. A strong El Niño event in 2016 resulted in a bloom-forming cyanobacteria smothering the upper MCEs of Pohnpei (25–65 m). Conditions persisted into 2017 with extensive coral bleaching and reef degradation with associated smothering by bloom-forming cyanobacteria and algae in the shallows. The initial bloom signature of 2016 at depth may, therefore, serve as a projected indicator of shallow reef health. Of the 160 reef-building scleractinian corals reported, 28 spanned the full depth range (0–45 m). Differences in irradiance due to geomorphology, as well as reef health, determined the depth transition between two primary benthic groups: photosynthetic scleractinians and filter-feeding azooxanthellate gorgonians, 60 m on low-relief atoll reefs and 45 m at high-relief walls and degraded reefs. Of the 109 gorgonian corals reported, 19 spanned the full depth range (0–140 m) with 70 morphospecies specific to lower mesophotic depths. Similarly, fish assemblages partitioned between shallow and mesophotic depths, characterized by herbivores and planktivores, respectively. Continuously growing marine resource exploitation and terrestrial runoff are heavily influencing reef health. The MCEs of Pohnpei are, thus, unique, yet vulnerable to the exacerbating stresses of man.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In Pohnpei, water clarity (light penetration) was measured using a calibrated spherical (4π) quantum sensor (LI-193SA and logger LI-1500, LI-COR, USA), which measures the photon flux of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR: 400–700 nm) in μmol photons m−2 s−1. Light profiles (n = 17, in 2017) were taken over a depth gradient of 0–100 m and recorded every 1–5 m.

  2. 2.

    Light attenuation values are independent of water depth and, therefore, are defined as optical depth (ς) to make them comparable with other locations.

  3. 3.

    Transects were run from 45 m to the surface, with count stations located in nine depth bins monitored at 5 m depth increments. In total, 1236 individual colonies were recorded from a depth range of 0 to 45 m, representing 160 nominal species. Where species could not be confidently identified in the field, they were photographed, and temporary working names given to unclear taxonomic units. A proportion of these species with working names are likely to result in novel species descriptions, or new geographic records.

  4. 4.

    Survey methods were adapted for gorgonian corals and for a greater depth range whereby point count transects were run upslope every 10 m from 140 to 10 m depth. A total of 109 morphospecies were identified from the 11 surveys conducted at Pohnpei (n = 5), Ant (n = 3) and Pakin (n = 3). Of the 1565 individual colonies surveyed, 1056 were at depths below 70 m, which is in contrast to the shallow reefs (<30 m) that had a total abundance of 148 colonies. In the upper mesophotic (30–60 m), a total of 361 individual colonies were present.

  5. 5.

    Species richness was assessed using the methods described in the Anthozoans: Scleractinia section, whereby species accumulation curves were generated for each depth bin (n = 14), with 1000 repetitions at each depth. Values were then used to illustrate the trend of species richness over depth (Fig. 17.9) and fitted with a Huisman-Olff-Fresco model (Jansen and Oksanen 2013; Jansen et al. 2017). Species accumulation curves of gorgonians and scleractinians were then compared.

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Acknowledgments

Sincere gratitude is extended to Walter Wilbur and family at the Nihco Marine Park, Pohnpei, the Conservation Society of Pohnpei (CSP), to all at the Office of Fisheries and Aquaculture (OFA), the late Sounihrek Pakin and his community, and the Hawley family at the Pohnpei LP Gas Distributing Company, FSM. Special thanks also go to S.M. Stanley, D. Barshis, F. Butschek, B.D. Greene, R.L. Pyle, A. Baird, L. Briones, D. Johnson, J. Hartup, A. Malfitani, K. Longenecker, R. Langston, S. Lindfield, and many more. SJR was generously supported by the Association for Marine Exploration (AME), the Systematic Research Fund (SRF) as supported by the Linnaean Society of London and the Systematics Association, Ocean First Education (formerly Ocean Classrooms), and the Edmondson Foundation of the Bishop Museum. Poseidon/Cis-Lunar Technology and Valeport Ltd., UK, generously provided technical equipment support. RRC would like to thank the Seaver Foundation for their generous support in 2014. MKD would like to thank the Our World Underwater Scholarship Society, the society’s sponsors, and Rolex for her funding and support during Pohnpei 2017.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Sonia J. Rowley

  2. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    T. Edward Roberts

  3. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    T. Edward Roberts

  4. Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Kāneʻohe, HI, USA

    Richard R. Coleman

  5. Department of Botany, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Heather L. Spalding

  6. Conservation Society of Pohnpei, Kolonia, Micronesia

    Eugene Joseph

  7. The University of the West of England, Bristol, UK

    Mae K. L. Dorricott

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  6. Mae K. L. Dorricott
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Correspondence to Sonia J. Rowley .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Yossi Loya

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kimberly A. Puglise

  3. Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Museum of Tropical Queensland, Queensland Museum Network, Townsville, QLD, Australia

    Tom C.L. Bridge

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Rowley, S.J., Roberts, T.E., Coleman, R.R., Spalding, H.L., Joseph, E., Dorricott, M.K.L. (2019). Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. In: Loya, Y., Puglise, K., Bridge, T. (eds) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_17

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