Abstract
In the late 1960, after years of ideological and political preparation the new generation of Iranian communists came to the conclusion that the regime of the Shah had to use extreme violence to hold the people obedient and disconnected from the left, because, after the 1953 coup, the regime was unable to get people’s consent through ideological means. To reconnect with the masses, the Iranian communists had to make themselves visible and the only means for their visibility was the revolutionary violence against the sheer violence of the state. This new communist movement generated a number of theorists who focused on the political consequences of the dominance of a tiny class of comprador bourgeoisie in Iran, the Leninist’s idea of peaceful coexistence between communism and capitalism, and the social compromise between labor and capital in Europe.
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Notes
- 1.
Amir-Parviz Pouyan, Zarourat-e mobarezeh-ye mosalahaneh va rad-e theory-e baqa (The Necessity of Armed Struggle and the Refutation of the Theory of Survival), Entesharat-e Cherikha-ye Fadayi-ye Khalq (1970s).
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Massoud Ahmadzadeh, Mobarezeh-ye mosalahaneh, ham strategi ham taktik (place and date unknown).
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Ali-Akbar Safaiy Farahani, Ancheh yek enqelabi bayad bedand (Sazeman Etehad-e Fadaiyn-e Khalq-e Iran Mordad 1381/August 2002).
- 7.
Nabard-e Khalq, Organ-e Sazeman-e Cherikhay-e Khalq, Shomareh-ye dovvom, Farvardin 1353/March–April 1974, p. 42.
- 8.
Bijan Jazani, Masael-e jonbesh-e zed-e estemari va azadibakhshe-e khalq-e Iran, va omdehtarin vazayef-e komonistha-ye Iran dar sharayet-e konouni (Sazman-e Fadaiyan-e Khalq-e Iran, 2003), pp. 12–15.
- 9.
Ahmadzadeh, Mobarezeh-ye mosalahaneh, ham strategi ham taktik.
- 10.
Peyman Vahabzadeh, Guerilla Odyssey: Modernization, Secularism, Democracy, and the Fadai Period of National Liberation in Iran, 1971–1979 (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2010), p. 7.
- 11.
Hamid Momeni, Pasokh beh forsat-talaban dar mored-e Mobarezeh-ye mosalahaneh ham stategi ham taktik (Entesharat-e M.bidsorkhi, 1979).
- 12.
Ahmadzadeh, Mobarezeh-ye mosalahaneh, ham strategi ham taktik.
- 13.
Mehdi Fatapour, Fadaiyan va jonbesh-e daneshjouyi-ye roshanfekri dar daheh-ye 50, http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2011/02/110207_l42_siahkal_29_mehdi_fatapour.
- 14.
Bizhan Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Avval (place and date of publication unknown), p. 8.
- 15.
Ibid., pp. 10–12.
- 16.
Ibid., pp. 18–20.
- 17.
Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Avval, pp. 22–25.
- 18.
Ibid., pp. 33–34.
- 19.
Ibid., p. 35.
- 20.
Ibid., pp. 36–38.
- 21.
Ibid., pp. 39–42.
- 22.
Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Avval, pp. 50–56.
- 23.
Ibid., pp. 65–66.
- 24.
Ibid., pp. 71–72.
- 25.
Ibid., p. 74.
- 26.
Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Avval, p. 86.
- 27.
Bizhan Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Dovvom (place and date of publication unknown), p. 4.
- 28.
Ibid., pp. 18–21.
- 29.
Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Dovvom, pp. 23–24.
- 30.
Ibid., p. 31.
- 31.
Ibid., p. 32.
- 32.
Ibid., p. 56.
- 33.
Ibid., p. 58.
- 34.
Jazani, Tarikh-e si-saleh-ye Iran Jeld-e Dovvom, p. 59.
- 35.
Ibid., p. 60.
- 36.
Ibid., pp. 61–62.
- 37.
Ibid., p. 105.
- 38.
Ibid., pp. 120–121.
- 39.
Bizhan Jazani, Panj Resaleh, Tehran. Sazman-e cherikha-ye fadayi-ye khalq (place of publication unknown, November–December 1976), pp. 29–30.
- 40.
Ibid., p. 32.
- 41.
Bizhan Jazani, Tarh-e jameeh-shenasi va mabani-ye estrategike jonbesh-e enqelab-e (place of publication unknown: Sazman-e Etehad-e Fadayian-e Khalq-e Iran, 2003), pp. 71–72.
- 42.
Yadullah Shahibzadeh, Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 24–29.
- 43.
Bizhan Jazani, Tarh-e jameeh-shenasi va mabani-ye estrategike jonbesh-e enqelab-e (Sazman-e Etehad-e Fadaiyan-e Khalqe Iran, 2003), pp. 71–72.
- 44.
Ibid., p. 72.
- 45.
Bizhan Jazani, Masael-e jonbesh-e zed-e estemari va azadibakhshe-e khalq-e Iran, va omdehtarin vazayef-e komonistha-ye Iran dar sharayet-e konouni (Sazman-e Fadaiyan-e Khalq-e Iran, 2003), pp. 2–3.
- 46.
Jazani, Masael-e jonbesh-e zed-e estemari va azadibakhshe-e khalq-e Iran, va omdehtarin vazayef-e komonistha-ye Iran dar sharayet-e konouni, pp. 4–5.
- 47.
Ibid., p. 6.
- 48.
Bizhan Jazani, Hezb-e tabaqeh-ye kargar dar Iran (Sazman-e Fadaiyan-e Khalq-e Iran, 2003).
- 49.
Bizhan Jazani, Tahlil-e moqeiyat-e nirouhay-e enqelabi dar Iran beh enzemam-e dou maqaleh dar bareh-ye vazayef-e asasi-ye Marksist-leninistha dar marhaleh-ye konouni-ye roshd-e jonbesh-e Komonisti-ye Iran (place and date of the publication unknown, Sazman-e Cherikha-ye Fadayi-ye Khalq-e Iran), pp. 12–13.
- 50.
Ibid., p. 15.
- 51.
Khosrow Shakeri, Tahlili az khat va mashy-e siyasi-ye Hezb-e Tudeh Iran bakhsh-e avval, is published as Asnad-e tarikhi-ye jonbesh-e kargari, sosial-demokrasi va komonisti-ye Iran, Jeld-e Panjom (Rome: Entesharat-e Mazdak, 1976).
- 52.
Shakeri, Asnad-e tarikhi-ye jonbesh-e kargari, sosial-demokrasi va komonisti-ye Iran, Jeld-e panjom, p. 2.
- 53.
Ibid., pp. 10–11.
- 54.
Ibid., pp. 20–22.
- 55.
Ibid., pp. 46–49.
- 56.
Ibid., p. 50.
- 57.
Shakeri, Asnad-e tarikhi-ye jonbesh-e kargari, sosial-demokrasi va komonisti-ye Iran, Jeld-e panjom, pp. 51–52.
- 58.
Ibid., p. 61.
- 59.
Ibid., pp. 67–70.
- 60.
Ibid., p. 78.
- 61.
Mostafa Shoaiyan, Enqelab (Ketabkhaneh-ye Kuchake Sosialism, place and date of publication unknown), pp. 23–24.
- 62.
Ibid., p. 17.
- 63.
Ibid., pp. 19–20.
- 64.
Shoaiyan, Enqelab, p. 21.
- 65.
Ibid., pp. 27–29.
- 66.
Ibid., pp. 34–35.
- 67.
Ibid., pp. 37–38.
- 68.
Ibid., pp. 39–41.
- 69.
Shoaiyan, Enqelab, pp. 45–47.
- 70.
Ibid., p. 48.
- 71.
Ibid., p. 50.
- 72.
Ibid., pp. 53–54.
- 73.
Ibid., p. 55.
- 74.
Shoaiyan, Enqelab, p. 62.
- 75.
Ibid., p. 64.
- 76.
Ibid., p. 65.
- 77.
Ibid., pp. 158–159.
- 78.
Ibid., p. 187.
- 79.
Ibid., pp. 189–195.
- 80.
Shoaiyan, Enqelab, p. 198.
- 81.
Ibid., pp. 202–203.
- 82.
Hamid Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab (Sazeman-e cherikha-ye fadayi-ye khalq, place and date of publication unknown).
- 83.
Mostafa Shoaiyan, Hasht nameh beh cherik’ha-ye Fadayi-ye Khalq; naqd-e yek manesh-e fekri (Tehran: Nashr-e Ney, 2007), pp. 79–80.
- 84.
Ibid., pp. 85–86.
- 85.
Shoaiyan, Hasht nameh beh cherikha-ye Fadayi-ye Khalq; naqd-e yek manesh-e fekri, p. 130.
- 86.
Ibid., pp. 130–131.
- 87.
Ibid., pp. 132–133.
- 88.
Ibid., p. 142.
- 89.
Ibid., p. 149.
- 90.
Shoaiyan, Hasht nameh beh cherikha-ye Fadayi-ye Khalq; naqd-e yek manesh-e fekri, pp. 173–175.
- 91.
Hamid Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab, p. 12.
- 92.
Ibid., p. 11.
- 93.
Ibid., pp. 14–16.
- 94.
Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab, pp. 16–17.
- 95.
Ibid., pp. 52–56.
- 96.
Ibid., p. 57.
- 97.
Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab, pp. 64–65.
- 98.
Ibid., p. 68.
- 99.
Ibid., pp. 74–75.
- 100.
Ibid., p. 92.
- 101.
Ibid., p. 94.
- 102.
Ibid., p. 100.
- 103.
See my books: The Iranian Political Language: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. 36–41 and Islamism and Post-Islamism in Iran: An Intellectual History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 24–29.
- 104.
Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab, p. 114.
- 105.
Ibid., pp. 119–120.
- 106.
Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab, pp. 136–140.
- 107.
Momeni, Shouresh nah, qadamha-ye sanjideh dar rah-e enqelab, pp. 141–142.
- 108.
Ibid., pp. 145–147.
- 109.
Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: I.B. TAURIS, 1989), pp. 45–60.
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Shahibzadeh, Y. (2019). The New Left in Iran: A Discourse on Gun and Politics. In: Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6_9
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