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Glycans with Antiviral Activity from Marine Organisms

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Marine Organisms as Model Systems in Biology and Medicine

Part of the book series: Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation ((RESULTS,volume 65))

Abstract

There remains today a critical need for new antiviral agents, particularly in view of the alarming increase in drug resistance and associated issues. The marine environment has been a prolific contributor towards the identification of novel therapeutic agents in the recent few decades. Added to this, glycans (or carbohydrate- or sugar-based compounds) have in very recent decades made outstanding contributions to the development of novel therapeutics. This review brings together these significant facets of modern drug discovery by presenting the reported literature on glycans derived from marine organisms that possess antiviral activity.

The glycans have been grouped together based on the marine organism they were isolated from, namely, (1) bacteria, (2) chromists, (3) plants and (4) animals. For chromists, glycans are further subsectioned into Ochrophyta (brown algae), Miozoa (according to www.algaebase.org; also called Myzozoa according to WoRMS, www.marinespecies.org) (dinoflagellates) and Bacillariophyta (diatoms). For plants, glycans are further subsectioned into Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Tracheophyta. Glycans isolated to date are reported as alginates, chitosan, extracellular polysaccharides, fucans (e.g. fucoidans), galactans (e.g. carrageenans), glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, glycosides, glycosylated haemocyanin, laminarans, mannans, polysaccharides (not defined), rhamnans and xylomannans. Interestingly, many of the glycans displaying antiviral properties are sulfated.

Reports indicate that marine-sourced glycans have exhibited antiviral activity against African swine fever virus, cytomegalovirus, dengue virus, Epstein-Barr virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, human cytomegalovirus, human papilloma virus, human rhino virus, influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, murine leukaemia virus, murine sarcoma virus, Newcastle disease virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Semliki Forest virus, tobacco mosaic virus, vaccinia virus, varicella zoster virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Selected representative glycan structures are presented in Fig. 20.1.

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Abbreviations

ASFV:

African swine fever virus

CMV:

Cytomegalovirus

CS:

Chondroitin sulfate

DENV:

Dengue virus

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

ECMV:

Encephalomyocarditis virus

EPS:

Exopolysaccharide

Fuc:

Fucose

GAGS:

Glycosaminoglycans

Gal:

Galactose

Glc:

Glucose

GlcA:

Glucuronic acid

GS:

Galactan sulfate

GulA:

Guluronic acid

HCMV:

Human cytomegalovirus

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

HRV:

Human rhino virus

IduA:

Iduronic acid

IFV:

Influenza virus

JEV:

Japanese encephalitis virus

Man:

Mannose

ManA:

Mannuronic acid

MuLV:

Murine leukaemia virus

MuSV:

Murine sarcoma virus

NDV:

Newcastle disease virus

PIFV:

Parainfluenza virus

PS:

Polysaccharide

Qui:

Quinovose

Rha:

Rhamnose

RSV:

Respiratory syncytial virus

SF:

Sulfated fucan

SFG:

Sulfated galactan

SFV:

Semliki Forest virus

SG:

Sulfate groups

SGF:

Sulfated galactofucan

SGP:

Sulfated galactan polysaccharide

SP:

Sulfated polysaccharide

SPMG:

Sulfated polymannuroguluronate

SQDG:

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

SXM:

Sulfated xylomannan

TMV:

Tobacco mosaic virus

VC:

Vaccinia virus

VHSV:

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus

VSV:

Vesicular stomatitis virus

VZV:

Varicella zoster virus

Xyl:

Xylose

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Glycomics and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia

    I. D. Grice

  2. Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

    G. L. Mariottini

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  1. Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA

    Malgorzata Kloc

  2. Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France

    Jacek Z. Kubiak

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Grice, I.D., Mariottini, G.L. (2018). Glycans with Antiviral Activity from Marine Organisms. In: Kloc, M., Kubiak, J. (eds) Marine Organisms as Model Systems in Biology and Medicine. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, vol 65. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92486-1_20

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